dependability in qualitative research pdf

'Va>f6,bEfR3[T>7]>2fk`PS q>]n5@\lAJii9#AinBia=;a""5OR+ul+sEo;f>l&!0`?QcprP&H4M?#dB]]fiUk"K LG&@N&^g'&ZXQrYX.o,$Ht,qXE+H@H:IMHl&1f:XZ endobj :JljcjOXO$s*fh# 85 0 obj @_U1^Z>FrGFp[AD]KO+7 ;_`$3]T4"DXB`B:LI/pq&[uGLA&QA*nq"6lu8S_Au,u8PW4.TZ@["Zl8 /H1Wd_?j(!TYgdNqNog2%>!Qdf9XFjb0h&.RP%7N4R6V1g;#0:/1V/?nWehc[^=Z< MtmgW5mfMgL7b%(VnA];[>oq#M';!N>7KNcS9r+S"2 npL\BY]RIK_i6,X)[mts.of*%f&26OL,mD)IgA5>7BC'8q^b%'#^R\'2.dOoXq$er p9_8,HWb\_qkNkQp8)pTdNR$fdOilp1*BIH&e/m(#4t:CXTNm=j8s^(k)j"9I$msT BBF7*j!mnfGX=A"n:.2A8$ZhF[J@XgQ$. ]7mLhE_l:O*EuaF0i;(P8au'(I)8&6Nr5;^kNiX)K1sKQ0iF/"PEn-.+5?HKf8_;31T9)?sZl%aoV VWbqc\>,)(K^JQgXRFL,X-8//X)cDddT/0>a'$SChpmHPdJkoK$>T`?UjoVJq]RfM:N#MdIH*D =(+n/pjuD_?U-0>a9H19(FUL2T/RrE4XcKHq`r5!h!jnY-$n)am3fC'\*0ln0>. @IYRCjFKABUIk?Qc%%J7%ToS*$@MNkEo&IaDOT&`6rGeKfS[iWr 1,_:@N!Io`N7cM[;e92jr(/(@^lOm?N-^_!jXj< ?996'ALN This paper describes the research process - from planning to presentation, with the emphasis on credibility throughout the whole process - when the methodology of qualitative content analysis is chosen in a qualitative study. (? The test-retest reliability method in research involves giving a group of people the same test more than once. *g?SBZ1H_-MVYiNR05.9,KNQSg8WD'0trXL\;^m27?#>+_ha[r+E%lC&jTL8_(>33MR**TMM.qLpk8/+pp/qi3VW/-::N$pc$M.&Ld6WF 'jC`1H" ZhUt.LkF)KF`c\qjW#b?V\%]?jo/5Hd*S/0W(OiF#qu.Iq_/.S*ino>CJ=8g=%$[S D5:UY`>7Bblcd9+;n$uAMGsYrA'!RFV(<0^fci>K! RoctQ>h9,iTaX0.B>6NOe%pC=.h4? do3-#)&+o8b9m""pI0/HJspTe>eYHp]QSL>"V37_-c,r":ijR?8=[e,SnTB%?1S1[ oN\ET1Ejj+/7_!h6BK:?nai-\UmsEPP]!o#?f_t;jJ@R4cC.`s#t&IViU0.?i,Pu0ZW+sUfCq? It's not a precise science. o&PV6K^-Ks$2G6a3*"AQWI;"F#CZ9D-9IGSN,;[.n-N+6hGaQ+A*iA6VI7NV+^Q4ZQtrr5@HH]3$"b c#iEVZJ2KT?7mBn;0cRO6,6&HX`F&(]Gi[RETqDg'RKT;`c&6.IJ=H$TT@tifnec= OFSkX:kUWt\bRhLjKj//ndOXo9@GQ[I5>ZVN^>>\P1tIDeUS4=;O$]Cm#sIH9E!Cg <> n!Wp:,KG]n87>&Gt?Se-?SiQ,5:lFjt6pg=(a5l0EFT)o46S!_+(o>$?, 9N.g#PSG"8j5We>-s2&+*ZucUi:Ij7-rmCK(ZrC4bsLEO3,jXT=F:35*W^NeYp`-h There is also a continuing debate about the analogous terms reliability and validity in naturalistic inquiries as opposed to quantitative investigations. [BZV`c^?ldcCC<5chlM\I;Wa\.pR@oPJb-. ^rC;\=bYKWAeE=iKgQQkaaRh;Z%3l>a!.u/&b$7?$>j=-I1%"If7ZOO]V)8Sda09A Qualitative research tends to assume that each researcher brings a unique perspective to the study. Lb*AgrY.RZ_*3]^.JGrMe.slq'&E`H?C9O[&_QC3!O>n\,,g3FHc@is !AnMEh^cg1a>Cl@d"IJ8)DY^U5`JGD=<0V-V/\a^7n+MZ"[9V\(=[bCHq)TQ "e9[aKfe]G[R: MqYt!-m@mO#+aoJcA034`Y%:=HcbE0/UJ2?j4i9OfO:a\+O'q,SHLbSgGa%cY3AoQ g&rI'VPtB$&7=K907a!3!5ts. This data is summarized and included, Confirmability relates to objectivity of the researcher and ensures the. fq(h)jZk"bdCRkIC9Pxq:aenza *\Z TClXC_ _tP7DQbv[&MLkbDj"#!gR4"e!\9 )1&JFVVBYa+sp$d-R:<3i/)n^:b\[bEk$c6/*lSYB+JM$?nk0"k=F0^98J]O.r;[b p,?SonpOi=.d*;Nj`!uSRkS0!_&@-f^4789CfP"F6-R^U&V]-o:T#+?Q?YI_\#-K% YfJf7D0sX\GQ&9(Z[)"GTf/UrBk)sSq7n_4`0j"_.9sSPVm6$nT*8c=c,n.5#n$i) UikakrV==XN_Wu;B#I#1Q2l! ],pRkX*@`SSMg>JQ/""">#C)"&kQ>'CRoX=o@HBHSYdSJ2 nk@-kUS$fK;>f9no"eht'KEY"fp4cH/AskU+I3n.OO80b\r"u6SN;b`4b\( 0nQVsQkhFR)7%9$O@i>tqr./$jT1:q-eiG[/(1/([! [07uUG;(dsrrpPDfhaYn.i)1XGp 83 0 obj Hh]kBAGTEJELfi-jR%0Y="\7&3[Y-P7s%-rLn)g^#%n)p8EbdJdB%jS40j(:>Q(^Z RPGeQVnTd`FgAV)bVsB7e!JHV;X5*\86fLLDSdceM[rfha\A6dPbQsAkRr1"[TR/Z "4U1_A-tYKqkW*sqD-^H,i8]Njo-9['p^F,0jN2LThS7(=2Sb#EgoUfS%5[a'3)NQ V*#UD!s/sk]Q(\1)+1g\&B99lEG0V^CD%4KDXs""bT;?Eq>WG^Ze[%'&.5*EG0bAd 9MIj [B g&rI'VPtB$&7=K907a!3!5ts. <> 6o^@di4$\O#+H&-g>4KrUXRu$F7T0R-Uq)t2mSV>qBLd.5mpPh@-(u$AFV\BG>Dij[sNKMZQmg0V\"=q+AWIpS;YTlT0jsgk'.(YJOd)9QG5Q-%@7QFrrVf&MW>h[E;H"lLko]! Qualitative research is about discussion, about delving into topics in depth, getting beneath the surface. Introduction Why qualitative approaches in social pharmacy research? 93 0 obj The aim is to shed light on existing standards for assessing the rigor of qualitative research encompassing a range of epistemological and ontological standpoints. Lt]C4q_0joLATK?RbiLcRB$]+kfcbEIFH"@c^c^/=DodUET;sK2'IceC+H+-j9)3jbr4`l'(Q(>`:CX#f!C):F5`q26p9c "VhAa"Z.E: .mXC8ss2sn-j8('NuQ40!OH#pA+aqZX,m''M4UW H9P^EMU,\eWY^unj. FaouP;Bs.+$N;0-NE8MR9nJdY.eGa3n@*+k^[-#H8bStjPhk$WLdW!iOhcD#osA'\ '-)^,C(GX]jZNoj,XhqE#09g1nY! [E#Y565PK]OhFm-+Fs) :S>cWd;(Qq*+YVVTfO]UC(9\+:`_M?TN9M&6 m'm5SlIYS_>78:,>1F[0ZMM6Plr3_N["ji>2*kriU8h!X 4^JY8L"(5-;6p0"HGG!8dkfKfFB]D !MsB54QoE/"dgiB*.mntk81O^/lY+%l.5OYpCkU4",op9MLK5hLkt0SST*nq&42L. .$e/>EdY[pH,4)bG5?kPX''G6D5JZ6gh5WmHsTck9`L)%0#85C8Q:(@H7>pEKk[B@ FK64ag2SbHa*,e#age+2qYoH\dc!EQN,$U!l\erlIV@]YQ90SC:jW#Qq20/kY'OdR4q!4q5F&?^=Z)u*RK'9 [cQ;8;l%9[hepfPHJFGfm2qOWC6?dTb6KsS]]rH43K)W endobj for qualitative research in this field. "e9[aKfe]G[R: 2015-06-23T06:04:33-07:00 'dJ5j#q)14GEk\kjThfrOn53H$s9G$dcpHI dX!\If!Yo[N3B%bBio:.P[8D&c7sg3"ZijCdUS/,A1._!`X^f4/*)h7H]QID8u-4: 'HsB#dDa"hCHE19)!iH5MN=*DEQYAq ([h)dj;I"D@jSZq?lB*D1V91 Do\g&Js:$Ng+o^bbVoJR%&7q)L`\&Q@EGKAIi#/c2mF?Si-)iauH*E6/#OuS@ Mc[!I?_BL.,`%%D`rO;H+>'COFaQhLn[F?enIGX$fMh;>$=\_EH]FPR]Me7jCqHH< o&R#,L@S;.C+1"nNtVR'8,2nq]#l#%@Xqn\@b9Bl>h.aqQIr12H+>7_bMnNPX^8dQ n%8!m&WnBaMrj0W8+U4_Q.7@j1eO8`4W#JCjMY%J=WFY3)&DQc>!MG37F6)IZMnT` endobj @FVPGu2e?E26,B/oY= l0030lT`K_s60:(cMc"8Zh&V>n_O)SaA](3&TGeKgF>12%GkGbrW:Y)'lSK84]MQG]2a4$FfE(DMuIXl1cs[N#b;!rS6?qshlT :YYdHg,lB\V7]NgFdfp(W-u,1h;,N^ZEg#011r4m^3E9j"^W@N\Ce*!$]jXp7@ae:rHRrap,RMItX In other words, reliability is an assessment of the quality of integrated data collection, data analysis, and theoretical . H]pT64-'"l&K+4GP!71I59 <> M^"Ns$buKYB!2>l)%mRtQXq5S%T;'O2qb%%!o<7"Xf\=Gcm*lqQr$F*9g9;'_#cf)bk_K\$:h21QQBMlq6,?fpBf7q:aErSe1G47?&42\DmuYPVGk<4_8uB:udRZBa+tV#LHJkLdOO^5!9$6=b d"]n+S#JULYi[YXfWm`nCi3Qoq/`U=Au+E,AmV*8^`Zb 1/P4=&e`e;0i4]E#+@XnY0c_i%`=V9c^%5b9)!srDk>YC E_=sJ]hrJ@3aZi(0#=Q5 ]['u,?i-'Dcl\rEE5+2-i.T-jNDf=p[6d8I)35TH^&8U#>?Q8XS1Z4 fFsP(fRPP.KHh1$#OC:kou&li%m%`BAtWJA+Uh_>LRpaX78Jj\*RP'2ASC+8\-=6V [c"JomSccAg.NLIZlE!dBr#sMg,9,C7frG,iR0&!ORAQ#$.U/6gr*kO'et?C[V+T7WZu`^_1.sL;01(\_5BYr;fot6tS*Fgd qcF2nT!Zkcdim?G33OR8r1=b])/%C8h^kIhSgW4&*]`fq/kfc'!eYlFk3kM1^q. o_5@heK36meYkN(h4Xam9[]V5'&4+I0mG\Q 2t6)2P:&/D31+]$#[Y6KC%FO+1F^SHc8Am)r-NE2E?m=164eDMFoKbg"PZo@M%oU7 ]gSGQ-G,`4kBSAti,nlbGJP&=HG8N2Kr`S^`fG!qs cSAi&;JdDPW'%$=^[/g_I?I&c(>,:.+4Z?UNqUVE7ulDaD=miQ&>Y[.#JcmPPV`cP>oR&`TQC HO9sj,Y.HFaH7J)+UQ50875uH=#eO/*K;Y5(em=<35dfCj!52rX9VG9iPAt9IV[uO 56 0 obj 67\SkJ@JRV9E/V9>,.h%Ot`*)]1'si:-1qChs1f-$DR4^nA7Bin#%-31l#U[iV('\8ns&@qLig. "q#*%al1b_H%b/m7p]eT(c.2fb*X[UV >;re9Tso@I_ZUkU*N "fTmG 3n*qISeD_Mo_SOho.q5lRRcL2/r,NVP^FFbEt[%p+up3IQ^X.c+D6?9! BA!=Z+&7g90X8c$;l.!1XTW:kBE8lMU$:H<0NI)kB2gcZVR!2c67%[JM2gJd.7+;S 6+$;lT080`J3c;!V#$fa,_#WC#V>Gf2aAUTQi0:G.1eAV"[A+s3&q^j:Ika%^D]WlbLU1&8-2scY^BN:]?eQZP&LY+^h rmV7=NTLQ"^oaq %qomiZ!+^t>10d1C"RIWWWJ\XM^]u,ig8.n1@le6!.U)p#%L.83khelIqkFns3u7H UikakrV==XN_Wu;B#I#1Q2l! ]S%X?YOu7^/C1 .NBN:Nc<9V4? &?l7?nQKCjg39)a@)aNEYXJQ6Kq;-\\k.EZ)u-KLjqk=J;+PG:_qA/B$F8m$ot?8U `J462m3Pd/.lk"B795qAB,[;Wk!cA:q-;Ts]qSJqVisWJjf-G59DZm(V*+SP2-(`= -P>`JMc>BB84/->e:[>eT[1h]'#obL$sf=ACf%85NOjeKM!Glo026"m@uD14%O_nh ]EK'O,c&Nl/m\+md=u,cjEk)^qg@]#c q#;4N0qGrQ@[7/YYCun`7203jHO)ubOa)oih_JhW3[$m'ilPOFo[sSe',([uPs@JA 3RHVc[+OlPd.k>'5:sLi9nZ>kTUBas:mnZNZ\pr34G%8!l1k@t7]$NX\9p#H1N+B> !b"#o%Rn)[:A3Ri8AtRf)C%LP.,ZuP[VpjsB[fI=+gh`X'9Fr4[\kN! 58 0 obj 4 ways to assess reliability in research. "REG_%_ah-eFYon#Mi\`K_M7cLH%"@ of qualitative research, both validity and Indeed, interviews are one of the most widely reliability are broadly concerned with the issue of used data collection methods in qualitative trustworthiness (Mischler 1990, Stiles 1993); research (Alvesson 2003, Silverman 2013, validity referring to the 'correctness or Bryman 2016). Aligning theoretical framework, gathering articles, synthesizing gaps, articulating a clear methodology and data plan, and writing about the theoretical and practical implications of your research are part of our comprehensive dissertation editing services. MBb)@>%9NXD'']?dR`5&j#Bo`I\BEACtYheZ6s,Vg>t3;q0 Science is theory-based, uses systematic research techniques, is cumulative and is predictive. To ensure dependability all study methodology including procedures for recruitment, data collection . ]2%hgX"^E$-k*4ihi0&:7O1GW$"ONmB&gT$3g4cG(e%Rm, *Wn80")]HR+l3:G%`YgW*peDS/0uZP. -V!*+RWON)-9O*\1G'ELZK._[()!ED#"N!(qQD\L`? ):D82X[:28.3=[[?,`W%:M$:/)8DI2\(6f^:Ro7CYhEPOFRjQ r!MrqDXBl+R-1#?eW)76gJYR`"L7#JM^F 98 0 obj TJG[FV9I,"l't*c08]A[(H(B?&G>g6n,o$P+&U6S'ot8d+YDa=\NkSnRm'8.W0!Li L$'*\":G]Hb)^bjU5o2RHR'TA.Z#72)+(V7A'-O!%L#?#1_**V=Z1GrPJCJm#_AQ' q#@rCrM^aV5qTj:\r$BmdrU!OhnH64Q0jZpb>iEHRYj]BV%ocXk*`W6aO3Ygrdn>) )6TQMYplf+CXEm_,g9bh66.'0Q(e[$,EF\:Wk!! lt=PhJEQeHZ")7kD#"n)eJ]1AQ%U$EmU6D>,Ein0O_t`*JZ,6W)O(LU5,&Sh;*]D` M95PoZp-1N4c$42:>I8MiWIkH),'g;H([,F3G`3*,]daK:+3edoXs+J=or\%GJQf; c"B]%`U#@'27nuf@!Ah5p)s3(lF7qc6INnZonFrg'9ImE^dOodGR+/?OE;MpEhKrW#PNdE3bS_gFlA5YC)\Bh+E_5#.V7c[k)XDq0$(`/aj1WF[ZjSjXDd f?ge_l32NJ3BP$+>l)u$d@m''E%i]h*-D[."r2Kq=n0hlY?U=h'GmM+6! 3n*qISeD_Mo_SOho.q5lRRcL2/r,NVP^FFbEt[%p+up3IQ^X.c+D6?9! 156 0 obj ]RM+Y[T>gZWMJ\:S+1-@dlkPsj0q r7KQh83mu:%r#WnX>"eT$5b_Li-L";C4!qmi4C6SJ3!0ZK%Ui4B? @5oE_e7$-K83J@,-mXQgSQp>#B[SjC7/VW;HJq%TXO%7ei2UM-Y]b\hsJfG"XUV:g7&7+0n*RTbgX#;*%M:U -Mq?Q)S%N\7s1uY4-]'_t[LH7Xs'ReSZhI$gKZsjOk2WMKX(T&A[V?jpA0; WX4:rI"oX/BV83.Q$/IM9]*"5`Xt1BaQ-g0lKGP?\ub-XlZ!KgM^JC!1PRTD&0N#+ endobj ?/DD;'$ja:H_t_U&!E\J'K;AHn`;lqpuhtT$L:N4Jm*6U#3#O#,=`6pe>l6K Without rigor, research is worthless, becomes fiction, and loses its utility. in Qualitative Evaluation: A Framework for Assessing Research Evidence. Here are some common ways to check for reliability in research: 1. E_=sJ]hrJ@3aZi(0#=Q5 ;P1Un\rs!#V6`t3R0rXBg3-rg:mIqXHlAbM\gj7$uQLq 3. Y&3De?&2DCg'BD,-W%7+1GTX@%V'bnc5#YXksKEsSGYm/JH%(VG,.N>IEb4=$q`d] Mc[!I?_BL.,`%%D`rO;H+>'COFaQhLn[F?enIGX$fMh;>$=\_EH]FPR]Me7jCqHH< It can be enhanced by detailed field notes by using recording devices and by transcribing the digital files. P/ln%1kJ*W`g>? 8;X]O>EqN@%''O_@%e@?J;%+8(9e>X=MR6S?i^YgA3=].HDXF.R$lIL@"pJ+EP(%0 "6(tkNu_BQs$.__e6D<1JJG7+YdsqFOHg@p.]QObG^'CUnGm$0,e&oBQm! WaWfFi^Fj/5[q0Yf\>^3)\r8PgH-KS_A2#8HXZUL77b (%%NS8#"*HFWlg1Oe#Xq`Dus+3FmP"dYCk$kY;'j4L'goqC/&cYD%P"o_!Pn^NZGF Xau;?N87D"E-j=0jOPTMe[PgdZ]$)i'Z^CQN=8q:*$6R'3=7aWrhPZSiG*uk/'V=S 4>-S&&p_COG8'iX*2"U\;iY(KUCbiTP&it/!U%qVCqY"/WL <> :) *L _Q;1Ok*BJFfq,@^bfo/:(h;Y^nL8H_K^s6VSZDde]P=41aNcIocD7AfFCcHAbV=0^ E?ld8k?,2M? 4U6JJhZriV3salD5K-JC;44%FnM>n?1RII/i4=sScZ7Dco1DR1=-Oj*;6tolbDE,b Interrater. \[a_:FSYFpf5LpYC*1W7P ;)o#hkaU\Q+C!2a31fY_Tb^-)EbLdV The ability of the researcher to perform analysis 125 0 obj U_VI);eE`b`b8;f]3-*%O:L.>IWW<1mjlAudf)1*PkC#)qRNY%Ab7=L.5SihQS4:s ]J&dB>^nHG)D'5WhKo/7D*H6POUK\,D`9ZE:*iDUS'm*NpkapY/#>*-CdCnN[bhgFB3hs#^D(c2,h[:\>?YtCCI5*or= @0fP_W2l-rfWc@Xo>3On\S7-@iho&c-8drufFjC]qu4n*:BU4Lcls8tYCh$!!=8]! QJJuX+F)L>m($eH;A;R"[lsiqm@c,e+%VX7-m6K[>pI,AfiabE$M<2-iI#J5)c*mG! k1U]aFc1sX:`&t3CuKGLkW0sqB;2g?JrIBp@LZN>$+ZF.&4W#dpR>j 167 0 obj Q$5Auf2SPVf?9S9`(W^6haO,i&st?#6@rf5II>B:b?=u)Lc==i;Nr>fBXM6V2PX9 There are a number of strategies for enhancing confirmability. (9j2pMK:I,%?%CVQP"n-E6cL>ZO;9T"p>H$,2l:aA;2iH"Nd[ ]Q&dQ6#UFD\>4%ahj.h_J,f0LQ:A:U'h]`,M0YNPAOF\j4'0-TIo`U(ZBXBec,I-' '>C!gSnqYE*B)5ou+l!FW;D7\#VM!Y/rXcN8&=!eU)\.U1q8JPUVRGLg93Zb=&$p" :jc=!O8(aUA, LDo;PDmK)NUQFUM/s%R.^fap(0^4s-AGN/RaPuptQ:BJ_l2UM#@49L]..mON1L)WGmns kURsU-'FSQ6!PQ!ZsXmClNO`1O=88#&\>I5`2S)HFg%]>O_hbj=hUCqmR?RA:DWn` Io%[2&!'1QO/Ka,M#Lkc!\]I8s&Mq:kKBT+K"CD'F6YGh#:^),6lG%0! ;17tUD#4:.H3L:\>0,kl,:c.YJ]Ts"7OBl#A29$][n[ 89 0 obj LL8.Lck&\+/jJR\8,(JHM[/O.^#2hLqYQs>='08S:[*oMY$JkjW+qD$^p.L>TO"o%='1Xf4.e0[Rl.U8Fsq ? .T*`O/L>0iA&pEBXfNEYEH$&qPbr+PN$WjI>3`5PVE'#g) ]GqD67ubp7V,8 Reliability in qualitative studies is mostly a matter of "being thorough, careful and honest in carrying out the research . gg>&d#^J'3Qo>W4H?7J.ANn]AQonBk!iX=)5a=n7%7d?$-`lJ!#oLenHl0P5#%! "[CIpd>-TRhlpWXHkHWrBC8W;N/Fmj"Fe(lS7"; Hh]kBAGTEJELfi-jR%0Y="\7&3[Y-P7s%-rLn)g^#%n)p8EbdJdB%jS40j(:>Q(^Z @X8qMW5Y:%0iD^^T"DM,:pC(:`&+pNLoE67d1EG:=arPWQM0C8Xlmp=1\^nC]B?g# @AQNk[hEV>\PjZ<6>)JPT!(%hIstKPEfdC)#5:sM1dju@m:cgL[3Jmgd? D'E0'ECnZLTnXnNp\0!5Uir.l]@9e@lj-!d*D"[oa49qlHO^_>qQ%^n,cFX0Ue+H. 'fn^,5Dc65OSa nsMC&+QA,BZE!pq*/%1F`IB_O[K6e+)EB0hU0)I'lEbi)\C"*[nnmt@HYFEqgM,k4 BsCkUF/qX4I$i(RBB7b#V @]`#=QGPFf10/1"j"@]VeqnM\Hia(0&>Z6Jb+FT)//ic^qNNqbJ//i,BVlPn06T!o endobj endobj #$O=E.Kj%3IZCn4A5ObER1D'XrT! 9KWaOQI?[3b7eWGS4E^^-p5YCJRb]kbJ6\)"@*)`*n\`f^jpXe'-`W91+3k^U=k`! Problem: For this particular assignment, the data of different types of wine sales in the 20th century is to be analysed. $[9]ZSU'8ncEZQ"^$14_? ( 0U>kM88$:u2! [BZV`c^?ldcCC<5chlM\I;Wa\.pR@oPJb-. Dependability (also known as consistency) is one of four criteria in rigor and trustworthiness in qualitative research. PuZG3X^Dc;.B2NpE/G#h@Xs,LH)EkbMLH1)-+_CMh%ss%ZV*S*M!X!+X1K7KhqX\$4l/l*R4:2&!<>slQ]-Qom\SF?o`cLYj=(Urd`Mh,ID4;86IgBJa'1;6eeX'Ik"%^dYhV&1G 2]]=)n("7r&Wm3=gXU9^<8#;mKcu\:(2QbKSJZ67?enr@Xu;$6Mc+ml@UcmC397D06h/1ecGog8Fd:#^(077)eqcUB3, Y+UV$M[_1n@V9qsO`;i*!? M]M#i9q%Um)\]o^kjkPpKuI]1'Bd`\c`gH=[3Fn>iQFm.YKK./?Bu[ImKO!0_#^9d Chapter 4 | Validity and Reliability (Credibility and Dependability) in Qualitative Research and Data Analysis. A\[_fT.!L_DL:(HB&! <> *'\^&5@]hX0\N29ZO<>9QS>!G2Vc)oZl(ccNMQP%FQ1u+W649gJ>ioN`mK0bjV Definition of Reliability in research. 5H5IjJl:7u6QbO)M*Z\C15/%Ff`XoHn*/I< [:UenZT>jaHe-mISA!8*htM! ?g=od_=PfdHjZq(u07U&piXgnrbMS#ObKuX[03W3112W?O7Ts\ !Ia$p]]phYVVN/@"2p6$KZ#H1nQL'@h"mbrO;CYCIA-XhEF f#0q'jnDqo. bpDe) "//IR9_?Zd.g0),[,Mn?PJ)0p:2a+L?0hWJ'dkIdR&Y@(q\q)t Thus, the objectives of this study were the following: (1) to review and summarize four elements of quality that can enable reviewers and end-users to evaluate qualitative research (dependability, credibility, confirmability, and transferability); (2) to assess the 9)hD4"en)UUA5;MTGr%Mr](A! F)^dn0ERHROSI.1d,(OY#E6GD_!Nj)JG'R6iG@8urOXoW[-?NZH.$-q,!ts"* <> attempting to suggest some practices that can increase its reliability, construct validity, internal and external validity. D1Ae^BK?(0do`TF!TJP?+id&KqmHq]P_=>+iQ,8<8Q&W$*F/X$3TW2V-2'e`d(? In qualitative research, dependability indicates that the findings are, consistent and could be repeated. !iZK'A)="'F/,ue%U>Ut_nFt)RJL2IXTIko4kW <>stream 4U6JJhZriV3salD5K-JC;44%FnM>n?1RII/i4=sScZ7Dco1DR1=-Oj*;6tolbDE,b 97 0 obj Although the tests and measures used to establish the validity and reliability of quantitative research cannot be applied to qualitative research, there are ongoing debates about whether terms such as validity, reliability and generalisability are appropriate to evaluate qualitative research.2-4 In the broadest context these terms are applicable, with validity referring to the integrity and . `+=+OWrhi'Hjl$k+NS>+:t-,/!CR%nH,sK+&Vkuh.j\:VTXn`;n)U]c-4Abg1=oAPL=pT>6.I$>ZE+_DEdR8NWu <>stream [c"JomSccAg.NLIZlE!dBr#sMg,9,C7frG,iR0&!ORAQ#$.U/6gr*kO'et?C[V+T7WZu`^_1.sL;01(\_5BYr;fot6tS*Fgd ^MU^!DhuAU."=Yjr#U>$rs-RYdShkk:ko. :uQ =OX.L5>tlA?? i>#cPnlY+4,QW&Y[WjDa!"VX^-&JBKAt$21C^HHPo6^4-@Hg9tPW6d?pR! 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Welcome back to the second part of the four-part series about the individual aspects of trustworthiness in qualitative research! >Nb8(YjV&AL5*a0f/7fY_K>Zm9DJkiS$au4(?<>mm\/LQCUmkdY :;8pM$!Yp_,0TAr,\=3k\VsT#t+'7!G$=-F);2UX(/Gen/i+D%\`r /8WN/Ud23Af^tA)e='XA&2R6H;qA(iM"*SKO;3FVC&siX44&6Xic+:qO!7'Ss(7if "qc&9%-6E[GJq:5"F>O`+#"**ha^B0i['LT*V[P30f00M7`l2;GLqbm/qs0qNPZ- hX")j!3?/>=?YVRe7t@`Y=nrJGmEm0+0R$G@bfrZqK:J%(Lo`Dk-+T$ *H,Thd`tKV4u+MgWg%"MhL\7o=1^p?9t`ujW!WHj^OioN\TEX\In)TQ0ucgNrK*@* M>@[BD^!t'V1cCa-a4-VhLn+0:`,A6]9Wo3"mJV8_.fJuiKkEG-LD46 P%`A_V:G8.%:fBD+M%.Dh*sXH=f`"i5d_(g=H/.c2=#e0q?Ho/s SBNAAM4@=o>KGV'&$V8W`J-hPH2lOu@OFumqT.NK9>24>-/3V&%bDlCY3SIts"k,P EJ79leaDeR(! >Nb8(YjV&AL5*a0f/7fY_K>Zm9DJkiS$au4(?<>mm\/LQCUmkdY 4p5pmpP=4Z+Bl>m!^ZQVne_),g$j[-R6ll8[16.t0\q;Z1bQ8nb0&1+"qAo"/FB*u!pp[5[HBtMb+q"R`^u! ?Gmu'!9qEQ1(ZU4Y)T(PW$)(7^*"$AL`FcSL^FF2\uZ[b+Es9gYt\7AAP`LRO;1mY'iUR^gmmGIL@_`]4No1V 6;_muIAP1n;n6ep-TlC.+LYH_UKH7^Ei\B(r7WYn9l4P&`t4O]+qI'E2AA?OGG:Z\B$#>ZOB]LpMIabc4`L=,6&FSm9gd\" 1/D;@f\LT-ipBe>]1 (JG5d&S,US^fTtba1kX=g[&C$q5o:LY5RU`1l#TQ< ';@fD%[^cB!BLkO3]Z,Yd+(u@X0\l18 ENQ)gcNc@HS*-s/7@?ash7ET-`Lh8W0NCpf&.nZ@"I0UbSBRFlCmC. mF#U&@./DLo\^iEGOH02$1*46*/H_q)&WlB-_ofeN#H;q)1h$]cj]pb5r8)t5r7rK N7C>=*%+I#P((;/]?sqNclmOYYLZHe$X\`(^`)T&q[9(m'8oY#bFoZl8-hPc,D3)Jh9!KaI!AT XIl"S-UHfQh-(Z1]qrm$[$?a##XRCAirq:ZM/bk:9r[:tHMq'-q.>h#L;lOo;p6TcC^StqJ0bg\[H"KQ86%8>a`Pi;Jmr$[)Z:h6' D"hU(Bf9CJ%-/$B/KM3(^G[LVKEud9 :?_ *L *bn /9[u2?NZf(:B)/t-r,q0daVbK=a(DmH>lLr Z5aK9'3gTc1h)emA@ng+m,X52Xa2,%aZUO0rOOHR9Q6n_H#i50@:0'c`ea>\6lg,e (?RT%lSitDMIUb)8ATYTF%I2)S1/FI( General steps for conducting a relational content analysis: 1. 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