U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, center, explains a plan to fellow expedition members at their Little America IV camp during Operation Highjump, a naval Antarctic expedition conducted during the Austral summer of 1946-47. Though this enduring assumption never materialized, the threat of global war did influence American polar strategic thinking in the early years of the Cold War. Admiral Richard E. Byrd was a U.S. naval officer, aviator and explorer who went on several Antarctic expeditions between 1928 and 1956 ( here ). With research conducted during Highjump II, glacial highways could be developed for logistics support with improved surface transport equipment; extreme weather missions would simulate war-time operations and conditions; and pilots would learn to make forced landings in Arctic conditions. By the time IGY 19578 came around, the event had become a scientific Olympics of sorts, involving 60,000 scientistsfrom 67 countries in a worldwide enterprise of data collection, analysis, and exchange.38)Collis C & Dodds K (2008) Assault on the Unknown: The Historical and Political Geographies of International Geophysical Year (19578). The Antarctic Treaty is often considered to represent an example of the common heritage of mankind principle. "Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, U. S. Navy, was the man who proved the absolute necessity of the airplane in Antarctic research. 1928 - Byrd begins first expedition to Antarctica. Washington took note. In 1946, Admiral Byrd organized an expedition to Antarctica (his fourth journey there) to establish research base Little America IV in what is known as Operation High Jump. Byrd believed the governments cancellation of the Navys Antarctic initiatives would incur additional consequences. 1917. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Legion of Merit to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 07918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Confidential Advisor to the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations from March 26, 1942 to May 10, 1942, August 14, 1942 to August 26, 1943, and from December 6, 1943 to October 1, 1945. On December 2, 1946, U.S. In 1946, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal appointed Byrd as officer in charge of Antarctic Developments Project. Admiral Richard E. Byrd was a U.S. naval officer, aviator and explorer who went on several Antarctic expeditions between 1928 and 1956 (here). He would later name a region of Antarctic land he discovered "Marie Byrd Land" after her, and a mountain range, the Ames Range, after her father. Byrd did not mince words in his defense of Highjump II. This hazardous flight was made under extreme conditions of cold, over ranges and plateaus extending nine to ten thousand feet above sea level and beyond probable rescue of personnel had a forced landing occurred. His belief to have reached the North Pole is disputed. Social media users are sharing images which they claim show top secret photographs from Admiral Byrds Antarctic expedition where traces of a lost ancient civilization can be seen. Byrd took a sextant reading of the Sun at 7:07:10 GCT. Relying on dog sleds and Inuit expertise, these early explorers slowly pushed farther afield into the Arctic, mapping new territory, testing the limits of human endurance, and gathering scientific data. The Institute of Polar Studies at the Ohio State University officially changed its name to the Byrd Polar Research Center (BPRC) on January 21, 1987, after it acquired Byrd's expeditionary records, personal papers, and other memorabilia in 1985 from the estate of Marie A. Byrd, the late wife of Admiral Byrd. [9][10] While serving in this position, he was commended by Brigadier General Charles W. Abbot, the adjutant general of Rhode Island, for making great strides in improving the efficiency of the militia, and on April 25, 1928, was promoted to captain by act of the Rhode Island General Assembly in recognition of his flight to the North Pole in 1926. In fact he referred to Antarctica as the great white continent of peace. Byrd was one of several aviators who attempted to win the Orteig Prize in 1927 for making the first nonstop flight between the United States and France. On May 9, 1926, Byrd and Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F.VIIa/3m tri-motor monoplane named Josephine Ford after the daughter of Ford Motor Company president Edsel Ford, who helped finance the expedition. Britain and admiral byrd hamilton i of admiral byrd? 1929. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Flying Cross to Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 07918), United States Navy, for extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight; in recognition of his courage, resourcefulness and skill as Commander of the expedition which flew the airplane "America" from New York City to France from June 29 to July 1, 1927, across the Atlantic Ocean under extremely adverse weather conditions which made a landing in Paris impossible; and finally for his discernment and courage in directing his plane to a landing at Ver sur Mer, France, without serious injury to his personnel, after a flight of 39 hours and 56 minutes. Admiral Byrd was famed for going to the North and South Poles and obtaining the Congressional Medal of Honor. Gardner to Senator Walter F. George (1949) 6 October, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers. Admiral Byrd was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy. Congress passed a special act on December 21, 1926, promoting him to the rank of commander and awarding both Floyd Bennett and him the Medal of Honor. [18], As of 2023, there are 56 states party to the treaty,[2] 29 of which, including all 12 original signatories to the treaty, have consultative (voting) status. Operation Deep Freeze with Byrd in command laid the groundwork for the IGY in Antarctica 1955-56. The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. He is, probably, the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor, Navy Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Silver Life Saving Medal. 01:02:46 - Part two from our Journey into Hell with Mike Potts. In this event, 66 countries participated. Get a weekly rundown of the Arctics top stories by subscribingto the Institutes newsletter:The Arctic This Week. He was a member of National Sojourners Chapter No. Highjump IIs cancellation infuriated Byrd, prompting a barrage of telegrams, memos, and letters to Washington. [17] Bennett was promoted to the warrant officer rank of machinist. The 50th anniversary of Byrd's first flight over the South Pole was commemorated in a set of two postage stamps by Australian Antarctic Territory in 1979, and a commemorative flag was designed. With government resources at Byrds disposal, the polar regions became aspirational sites of global power-projection, technological, scientific, and military testing grounds, and realms of real and imagined claims of territorial sovereignty.13)Doel R, Friedman R, Lajus J, Srlin S & Wrkberg U (2014) Strategic Arctic Science: National Interests in Building Natural KnowledgeInterwar Era Through the Cold War. Report of the Adjutant General of Rhode Island. Military Review 98(1):113119; Zukunft P (2018) The Arctic of the Future: Strategic Pursuit or Great Power Miscalculation? We go South to learn how to conquer the north polar areas, militarily, Byrd wrote, and how to cope with the severe weather conditions of the long night.40)Importance of Operation Highjump II to our National Security (1949) Byrd Papers. 1919. p. 406. As fate would have it, Byrd missed his train to take him to the airship on August 24, 1921. On July 14, 1912, he was assigned to the battleship USS Wyoming. Key Australian legislation applying Antarctic Treaty System decisions include the Antarctic Treaty Act 1960, the Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act 1980 and the Antarctic Marine Living Resources Conservation Act 1981. There, strategic rivals increasingly assert territorial claims, contend for natural resources, and expand their scientific influence at earths southern extreme.3)Feiger L & Wilson M (2020) The Countries Taking Advantage of Antarctica During the Pandemic. The danger of the Cold War spreading to that continent caused the President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, to convene an Antarctic Conference of the twelve countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year, to sign a treaty. The Antarctic Treaty's Diamond Anniversary The Antarctic Sun. Though the 1867 purchase of Alaskan territory from Russia jump-started the United States strategic interest in the Arctic, the earliest American expeditions north of Canada and Siberia never resulted in territorial claims. This statement was made as part of a recapitulation of his own polar experience, in an exclusive interview with International News Service. [44], As part of the multinational collaboration for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 195758, Byrd was appointed as officer in charge of the U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze I in 195556, which established permanent Antarctic bases at McMurdo Sound, the Bay of Whales, and the South Pole. Operation Highjump (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. In the aftermath of World War II, American strategic planners oriented the nations hemispheric defense policy around the dictum that the shortest route to the USSRs dense industrial and population centers lay over the North Pole. Letter, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson (1949) 30 August, Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. Byrd completed the Special Mission in December and participated in the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) in 1944-1945. Jan Huber (the Netherlands) served as the first Executive Secretary for five years until August 31, 2009. Wright, Minturn, "The Ownership of Antarctica, Its Living and Mineral Resources", Jennifer Frakes, The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? [46] He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. [8] In 1949, Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom signed a Tripartite Naval Declaration committing not to send warships south of the 60th parallel south, which was renewed annually until 1961 when it was deemed unnecessary when the treaty entered into force. The main objectives of the expedition, according to the Navy report, were essentially to: train personnel and test equipment in frigid conditions, consolidate areas over the Antarctic, determine feasibility of developing . In Glen Rock, New Jersey, Richard E. Byrd School was dedicated in 1931. Several sailors died while trying to save their shipmates. Argentina proposed that all atomic explosions be banned in Antarctica, which caused a crisis that lasted until the last day of the conference, since the United States, along with other countries, intended to ban only those that were made without prior notice and without prior consultation. Today we are not stating our rightful claims to this territory. Doel R, Friedman R, Lajus J, Srlin S & Wrkberg U (2014) Strategic Arctic Science: National Interests in Building Natural KnowledgeInterwar Era Through the Cold War. ", National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, List of all Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Treaty_System&oldid=1142238060, Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Governments of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Government of the French Republic, regarding Aerial Navigation in the Antarctic (Paris, October 25, 1938), Treaty Between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic on Cooperation in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories (TAAF), Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Canberra, November 24, 2003), Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement of Fisheries Laws between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories, Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Paris, January 8, 2007). [54], Byrd was inducted into the International Air and Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air and Space Museum in 1968.[55]. Register of Commissiond and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy, 1915. p. 64. That year, Norway formally laid claim to the area between its Queen Maud Land and the South Pole. In an obituary prepared after Byrds death in 1957 by one of his children, they observed: Incidentally, one of the [American Antarctic] bases is in the heart of Marie Byrd Land which my Dad discovered and named after his wife and which may be the largest land in the world named after a woman. Untitled obituary draft (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7399, Admiral Richard E. Byrd Papers, Byrd Polar Research Center Archives, The Ohio State University [hereafter Byrd Papers]. Admiral Byrd goes on tv and talks about the land beyond Antarctic he saw. Indeed, the amount at stake for the United States, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Denmark, Russia, and now China at the earths northern pole has led to a steady escalation of force one pundit dubbed the new Arctic great game.2)Osborn A (2018) Putins Russia in Biggest Arctic Military Push Since Soviet Fall. Putnams Sons. His next assignment was to the gunboat USS Dolphin, which also served as the yacht of the Secretary of the Navy. [1] These countries had established over 55 Antarctic research stations for the IGY, and the subsequent promulgation of the treaty was seen as a diplomatic expression of the operational and scientific cooperation that had been achieved. Indeed, the emergence of the United States as a global superpower in the aftermath of World War II and the looming threat of nuclear war with the USSR endowed the polar regions with immediate strategic significance. "South Pole scientist may have been poisoned". The war fought through the Arctic during WWII was essentially a tactical weather war waged for control of high-latitude meteorological weather stations whose data could predict patterns affect[ing] crucial operations in the theaters of war in central Europe. Byrd made daily weather observations but became very ill when carbon monoxide leaked from a faulty stove. As he was only 41 years old at the time, this promotion made Byrd the youngest admiral in the history of the United States Navy. In Hemmings A, Rothwell D & Scott K (eds. The earliest claims for reaching the North Poleone in 1908 and another in 1909 by two different American explorerswere both highly controversial.7)Doel R, Friedman R, Lajus J, Srlin S & Wrkberg U (2014) Strategic Arctic Science: National Interests in Building Natural KnowledgeInterwar Era Through the Cold War. The New Zealand Police launched an investigation. [22][23], Accepting that the conflicting data in the typed report's flight times indeed require both northward and southward ground speeds greater than the flight's 85-mph airspeed, a Byrd defender posits a westerly-moving anticyclone that tailwind-boosted Byrd's ground speed on both outward and inward legs, allowing the distance said to be covered in the time stated (the theory is based on rejecting handwritten sextant data in favor of typewritten alleged dead-reckoning data[24][25]). Isis 104(1): 129. It was decided that only men who had not served overseas would be allowed on the mission. Having completed the first powered flight over the North Pole in 1926a feat that earned him the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honorrenowned naval aviator Richard E. Byrd channeled his public fame into financing the largest expedition to Antarctica ever attempted. [32], Governments that are party to the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental Protection implement the articles of these agreements, and decisions taken under them, through national laws. [16], When he returned to the United States from the Arctic, Byrd became a national hero. Chief of Naval Operations to Secretary of Defense, Importance of Operation Highjump to our National Security (1949) 29 August, Box 206, Folder 7331, Byrd Papers. The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. The text in one post reads: This is why no one is allowed to visit Antarctica and why every government in the world signed a treaty together to conspire and hide the truth from the mass population. Shortly thereafter, on December 14, 1916, he was assigned as the inspector and instructor for the Rhode Island Naval Militia in Providence, Rhode Island. From 1945 until his death in 1957, Byrds exhortations led to both successful and abortive government-sponsored Antarctic expeditionsventures that not only underpinned a decade of American polar security policy, but also initiated a pattern of international scientific collaboration that guided all future civil-military polar initiatives while setting an oft-forgotten precedent for the multinational joint-operations that characterize NATOs Arctic security policy today. The success of Operation Highjump prompted strategic planners to earmark the years 1947 to 1950 for the twin goals of ensuring the continuation of long range preparations for continuity of effort in the Antarctic and using gained knowledge to improve the usableness [sic] and logistic support of Greenland for military operations.20)Operation Highjump (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. He was one of the recipients of the Langley Gold Medal, which is awarded by the Smithsonian Institution for outstanding achievement in aviation. I want people to question their beliefs, examine their assumptions, and take stock of the changing media landscape and how these new technologies can be used for harm as well as good, Boucher said. [19] Balchen said that Bennett had confessed to him months after the flight that Byrd and he had not reached the pole. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. His ancestors include planter John Rolfe and his wife Pocahontas, William Byrd II of Westover Plantation, who established Richmond, as well as William Byrd I and Robert "King" Carter, a colonial governor. p. 187. Facilitating the exchange of information between the Parties required in the Treaty and the Environment Protocol. He was assigned state membership number 605 and national membership number 50430. Medal of Honor recipient Admiral Richard E. Byrd allegedly wrote his encounter with a lost civilization in Antarctica. Educate the public about the Antarctic Treaty which preserves an entire continent for peaceful scientific study and international cooperation. In 1958, Norwegian-American aviator and explorer Bernt Balchen cast doubt on Byrd's statement on the basis of his knowledge of the airplane's speed. This was also seen in the film With Byrd at the South Pole (1930), which covered his trip there. However, no consensus was reached on a preliminary draft. Having ushered mechanical Antarctic exploration into the modern era, Byrd leveraged his position in the U.S. Navy and his myriad political connections to win the support of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who approved Byrds idea of using government sponsorship to bolster future expeditions. The men remained at Advance Base until October 12. when an airplane from the base camp picked up Dr. Poulter and Byrd. [23], If Byrd and Bennett did not reach the North Pole, then the first flight over the pole occurred a few days later, on May 12, 1926, with the flight of the airship Norge that flew from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) to Alaska nonstop with a crew including Roald Amundsen, Umberto Nobile, Oscar Wisting, and Lincoln Ellsworth. These laws generally apply only to their own citizens, wherever they are in Antarctica, and serve to enforce the consensus decisions of the consultative parties: about which activities are acceptable, which areas require permits to enter, what processes of environmental impact assessment must precede activities, and so on. Collecting, storing, arranging and publishing the documents of the ATCM. It was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War, setting aside the continent as a scientific preserve, establishing freedom of scientific investigation . In the autumn of 1917, he was sent to naval aviation school at Pensacola, Florida. War, too, has been fought across subarctic islands. Tomorrow we might have to pay dearly for them.15)See Untitled and Rough Draft (1945) 10 September, Box 206, Folder 7310, Byrd Papers. [4] This expedition is described by Byrd in his autobiography Alone. 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