Ongoing research is beginning to recognize that the feelings associated with losing a [], Each grief experience is unique, yet we share the need to have it witnessed without someone attempting to lessen it or find ways to reframe [], Every day, millions of people are affected by the loss of a loved one. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Superiority theory, relief/arousal theory, and incongruity theory, propose different reasons as to what makes a situation humorous. Your email address will not be published. Farber (2007) has asserted that this theory was used since the times of Plato and Aristotle, and that it provides a revealing but narrow view in relation to the application of humor in literature (2007, p.72). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. First, relief theory focuses primarily on the motivational mechanisms of interpersonal needs, positing that humor provides relief of tension. But then the coda of the joke, in attempting to explain the answer muddies the conceptual space. One type of humor Jack uses is irony. With this definition we can make the connection it has with . The most prominent neurocognitive theory of humor is the incongruity theory , which begins with detection and resolution of conflicting alternatives in the frontal lobes followed by humor appreciation in pleasure/reward areas. Relief theory. It surely has some and we will briefly cover those next. "Irony is the . ulysses is a good example. Describes the works of dermot bolger, e.m. forster, and kazuo ishiguro. Schulman-Green, D. (2003). Dark or twisted humor is an acquired taste, as not everyone appreciates the taboo humor others find in disturbing subject matter. In general, all other things being equal, if theres no reason to worry about the incongruity, then laugh. The authors describe this as akin to a hydraulic engine, with laughter serving the function of a steam pipe pressure valve. Similarly, in their review, Stieger, Formann, and Burger (2011) reported that self-defeating humor was linked to depression and loneliness, whereas self-enhancing humor was related to beneficial outcomes. Chapter 2 - Incongruity Theory . Self-enhancing humor is an invaluable strength that supports human thriving. If we couldnt laugh we would all go insane. Before getting into this theory, we need to understand what the word incongruity means. By Yuvika Koul, CC BY-SA 3.0, via wikimedia. Your perception of the item is incomplete. Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle have been trying to explain humor since ancient times. But what matters here is that something is at odds with another. Babies can go from laughing to crying in no time when being tickled [9]. Experimental comparison of the psychological benefits of aerobic exercise, humor, and music. But the incongruity theory says that our perceptions of things in the real world only ever relate to part of that thing- they are incomplete. You need to know something about it. Humor and oncology. Lets look at a couple of jokes with varying levels of complexity. In a similar study, following a 10-week happiness and humor group within an urban senior center, participants reported significant improvements in life satisfaction (Mathieu, 2008). A sandwich walks into a bar. Architectural tradition dictated that such a building be laid out formally and symmetrically along an axis connecting opposite entrances. There is no shortage of quotes about humor (and humorous quotes) available online; here are eight terrific examples: If I had no sense of humor, I would long ago have committed suicide. Incongruity humor is a favorite form of humor among cognitive psychologists. For example, in a famous scene on the Mary Tyler Moore Show, Mary is distressed by the death of Chuckles the Clown, who, while dressed as a peanut, was killed by an elephant in a circus parade. a) Resolution makes the original incongruity no longer incongruous. The realisation our abstract knowledge isn't able to fully link to/account for sensuous knowledge is pleasurable to us because abstract knowledge is an exhausting filter through which to see the world. When people write jokes, or develop humor, they find ways to play with the concepts, but not so much as make the incongruities completely nonsensical. New York: Coward McCann, 1941. Trust me, it'll make it simpler in the long run! Rowe, A., & Regehr, C. (2010). Here, two pieces of sensuous knowledgea dog and a bearded husbandare deliberately put together under a single piece of abstract knowledge: the concept of a 'furry friend', which usually means a dog, but which you now see could refer to either. One way that Gantos makes his writing amusing is through the use of schadenfreude. This seems fairto think about something as a human is to have a certain understanding or perception of that thing. The joke makes sense, if in a different or atypical way. These moments constitute 'the ludicrous'. Mary is deeply offended by office jokes following the parade incident. Moving up the ladder of humorous complexity, lets take a look at a couple of knock-knock jokes. You understand it better but the frog dies in the process. The incongruity is to be found in comparing the feeling one has at the end of the joke analysis to death. . Making fun of someone else because of their misfortunes. The second theory is the incongruity . For some, this sort of play with language shows that real incongruity-based humor has taken root. The whole joke is just a chain absurdities, one seemingly more absurd than the next. 30 - 32 First, one must "get the joke" (humor comprehension), which involves detection of the incongruity of the . 2, surprised and amused (and sometimes offended) the public by breaking with the expectation that an artist's job was to . Theories of laughter and humor originated in ancient times with the view that laughter is an expression of . Your mother asks you to give your aunt a ring. Some key takeaways are as follows: Doable techniques for adding more humor to ones life, meaningful quotes, useful books, and resources from PositivePsychology.com are also included. The joke uses the idea of a surrealist (artists who tried to pair together ideas that were often extremely different) in order to get the listener to be prepared for absurdities. So now that you understand the basics of incongruity theory, there is just one final part for you to understanddon't worry, we're almost there! How do we explain the continued humor? In comedy, this often means that any kind of logic or familiarity is going to be replaced with something entirely different. The most serviceable example of incongruity is the pun, in which a word has multiple meanings, and the meaning of the sentence in which it is included changes dramatically if one or the other meaning is applied. The humor in both of these examples relies on incongruous . On the association between humor and burnout. We will be focusing on understanding it in this article. The question alone is utterly nonsensical. Contributions of humor as perceived by the terminally ill. Hickman, G., & Crossland, G. (2004). The incongruity theory is especially powerful in explaining humor across different genres, including accidental humor and humor in nature. Sign on a repair shop door: We Can Repair Anything. Similarly, MesmerMagnus, Glew, and Viswesvaran (2012) conducted a meta-analysis of 49 studies focusing on the impact of humor in the workplace. A metaanalysis of positive humor in the workplace. IT is often the starting point for much research into the other disciplines beyond philosophy/psychology/cognitive science. Humor typically requires more of a shared cultural and cognitive background than other forms of entertainment. Szabo, A., Ainsworth, S. E., & Danks, P. K. (2005). for an online course and found your article really helpful.Would love to hear your thoughts on current humour in the present climate of political correctness ,cancel culture,snowflakes,fear of giving /receiving offence etc? The concepts involved must be related in some way or else the audience will be confused. This is a practical application of the theory. For example, in a study exploring humor among undergraduate students, a sense of humor was positively related to both sociability and creativity (Ghayas & Malik, 2013). The listener, in line four, not really knowing if the term spoken earlier is who or hoo, but likely assumes the former, then follows along with the standard knock-knock joke format. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. The use of humor in medicine has also been studied from the perspective of healthcare workers. Most texts will package the three main theories of humor comprehension in a sort of triumvirate that includes the superiority, release, and incongruity theories as the main contenders. Defense mechanisms are believed to protect the ego from emotional pain through the unconscious minds distortion of reality. But, for people who experience stressful jobs or complicated family dynamics, dark humor often serves as an important protective mechanism. Other genres such as the grotesque, the macabre, the horrible, the bizarre, and the fantastic all go against our aesthetic categories, and we don't find them funny, either. If you want to find humor, look for ways that things dont seem to fit together. Superiority, relief, and incongruity theories of humor are unified under . A Subtreasury of American Humor. not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects of something) with your understanding of the world. This concept is exemplified by the ability of healthcare workers to employ dark humor as a way of coping with chronic job stress (e.g., Schulman-Green, 2003; Talbot & Lumden, 2000; Wanzer et al., 2005). Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. As this report's scope of research has been set to be with academic theories published between 2016 and 2020, the absence of widely accepted communication theories between those years was quite obvious. (2014). Twain had a point, as the research literature supports a relationship between humor and a wide range of positive psychosocial outcomes. Give yourself a pat on the back! You know its coming. They ignore this fact and so foolishly use one as the other. Without it, IT isnt much. There are 3 main theories used to explain the functions of humor: (1) the relief theory, (2) the incongruity theory, and (3) the superiority theory. competitors of incongruity theory are currently seen as even less able to provide an adequate an-swer to the basic question" (Levinson 1998, 564). For example, during the Holocaust, victims reported using humor in ghettos, concentration, and death camps to better cope with extreme trauma and adversity (Ostrower, 2015). As I noted above, the child is playing around with the expectation of the well-known lyric and substituting their own words. Philosophy For example, when you look at a toilet brush, you view it through the filter of the human mind and view this item as only a toilet brush. Research supports this connection. To you, the brush would seem comically small for the task at handeveryone knows it's a toothbrush, not a toilet brush. These findings have been supported by other research studies, such as that by Maiolino and Kuiper (2016), who investigated the ability of humor to predict positive outcomes. Since we know humor represents an essential strength with all sorts of excellent benefits, it is in our best interest to maximize it as much as possible. White is clear on this, in a humorous, IT 46 supporting way. Personally, I find it delightful and love the example and find it more and more humorous each time I experience it. The aim of this dissertation is to offer a new theory of humor that takes seriously both the universality and power of humor in culture. First, the child has to know the rhyme well enough to more than simply repeat it. Its difficult to try to make sense of nonsense. How many surrealists does it take to change a lightbulb? Incongruity is something that occurs when things are not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings of other aspects of something. Humor. In the historical fiction novel, Dead End in Norvelt, by Jack Gantos, he includes examples of humor to improve his story. Whereas the previous examples involved. Explaining a joke is like dissecting a frog. Firstly, relief theory argues that the act of laughing helps individuals to "subconsciously overcome inhibitions". Positive psychologists have a keen interest in the role of character strengths, which have been described as virtues that are crucial to human thriving (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Humor's Bad Reputation 2. First the doctor told me the good news: I was going to have a disease named after me. This idea is evident in Cann and Collettes study (2014), as positive outcomes were associated with self-enhancing humor. A fair warning is needed, as jokes are but a small slice of the humor pie. The incongruity theory states that humor is perceived at the moment of realization of incongruity between a concept involved in a certain situation and the real objects thought to be in some relation to the concept. congruity theory is satisfactory, but I believe it is more satisfactory than previous versions and deserves to be considered in this stronger form. Analysis of any joke or bit of humor generally, if not nearly always, makes the jokes not funny. Even our vernacular Get it? question, indicates that one has to understand the ideas involved to find humor. Even though the audience grows tired easily. The humor in both of these examples relies on incongruous interpretations . Humor, according to relief theory, is used mainly to overcome sociocultural inhibitions . Incongruity denotes the incoherence between the interpretation of two parts of a joke, namely, its setup and punchline. Abstract. Growing up with humor sets children on a more positive pathway. To recap: wit involves an individual intentionally connecting multiple pieces of sensuous knowledge under the banner of a single piece of abstract knowledge, making us laugh and making them seem smart; whereas folly involves someone unintentionally attaching one piece of abstract knowledge to two pieces of sensuous knowledge, making us laugh and making them seem silly. (2006). Samson, A., Glassco, A., Lee, I., & Gross, J. The Incongruity Theory reveals the affinity between philosophy and comedy and rebukes the argument that humor is "hostile and irresponsible" (Morreall) . The hostility theories address the aggressive aspect of humor, i.e., the fact that often, but not always, humor is directed against someone. If there was no way to link the incongruity back to the set-up of the joke/humor, there would be no way to get it. Mathieu, S. (2008). This does not mean that IT is not without its problems. The belief that laughter heals the mind has been around for centuries. The noun work in a way other wordtypes likely wouldnt. d) Resolution shows how (within the story world) the incongruity arises. However, from a neutral unshaped perspective, it is simply a brush. One of these theories is incongruity theory (the other two are known as relief theory and superiority theory). You and your friend are at a bar one summer and your friend has a paper fan. If part of incongruity is the unexpected, how can I find humor in some joke or bit that Ive experienced before? Here your friend has unknowingly brought two pieces of sensuous knowledgethe acts of looking up an answer online and of stealing it from the answers to the testunder the single piece of abstract knowledge, the idea of 'finding out an answer'. In the most general sense, the Incongruity Theory states that in order for something to be found funny or humorous, one needs to perceive a sort of incongruity. Whats an incongruity? A good example of surrealist absurdity can be found in Salvador Dalis painting, The Persistence of Memory in which we see 47 clock faces melting like a rubber pancake. The difference between your own perception of the world and the world as it is from a neutral perspective has been pointed out to you. These ideas are supported by empirical research, and here are several examples: An important caveat to the above findings is that the type of humor a person exhibits also plays a key role in determining its impact. The humorous character in a slapstick show who uses a toilet brush as a toothbrush doesn't understand that the only thing that stops our word for 'toothbrush' applying to a toilet brush is abstract knowledgea human invention. This explains why laughter is caused when people recognize taboo subjectsone typical example is The Incongruity Theory (IT, hereafter) is the dominant theory used in modern research to explain humorous things. Sense of humor as predictor of creativity level in university undergraduates. Humor as a defense mechanism during the Holocaust. Hydraulic Model. 2023 The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers on this website. This is where we laugh with someone intentionally making a joke. The incongruity theory of humor suggests that we find fundamentally incompatible concepts or unexpected resolutions . MesmerMagnus, J., Glew, D., & Viswesvaran, C. (2012). More specifically, the muscular and respiratory processes involved in laugher serve the important role of releasing pent-up nervous energy (Martin & Ford, 2018). Martin and Ford (2018) describe the three top humor theories. What are you allergic to? queried a stressed nurse as a gunshot victim was rushed into the ER. The response of none both increases and diminishes your perplexity. They then proceed to pour their drink over you. Incongruity can mean "lack of harmony" or "dissonance." That doesn't sound really funny. Hence weve found a counter-example to the theory. Instead, laughter occurs in response to unexpected punchlines or those that go against usual patterns (Wilkins & Eisenbraun, 2009). To do this, we will discuss the ideas of the leading thinker behind this theorya man called Arthur Schopenhaeur (he explains his theory in his work The World as Will and Idea, but you don't have to read that text to understand this article). Elucidating the bonds of workplace humor: A relational process model. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. We laugh because we are surprised or because something seems to be out of place. According to this theory, people are able to . Klein, D., & Kuiper, N. (2006). Roberts (2019, 92) and Hurley et. Clearly, they understand about expectation and then are using the unexpected presence of the new word to create humor. Honest good humor is the oil and wine of a merry meeting, and there is no jovial companionship equal to that where the jokes are rather small and laughter abundant. The researchers found that greater wellbeing was related to affiliative and self-enhancing humor, whereas reduced wellbeing was linked to aggressive and self-defeating humor (Maiolino & Kuiper, 2016). Stieger, S., Formann, A., & Burger, C. (2011). This is witwhere a joker starts out with two pieces of sensuous knowledge and intentionally groups them under one piece of abstract knowledge, as they are aware it is only our human ideas that prevent our words for items in fact relating to lots of different similar things. Hence, one would predict that any experienced incongruity would produce humor. For instance, my children loved to take nursery rhymes that they knew well and then not say the expected words at some point. Effects of humor in the language classroom: Humor as a pedagogical tool in theory and practice. Gantos uses a variety of humor to make his book more interesting, including schadenfreude, incongruity theory and farce. Incongruity is mostly a non-controversial, generally accepted idea, as claimed, for example, by Perlmutter ( 2002, p. 155) "the observation that some form of incongruity is an essential condition for humor, is universally accepted in every serious analysis of the subject." The initial question is nonsensical. I am free of all prejudice. Everyone who has experienced love has, most likely, faced a painful breakup. Another issue with IT comes from my continued delight at the parrot joke. Did the punchline fail to add in the number of purple fish needed? It is a combination of all three concepts that attempts to fully encapsulate the complex subject of racial comedy. Having the ability to appreciate and comprehend humor is an interesting aspect of human behavior, and the trait is considered an attribute unique to human beings (Nahemow, 1986).Suls (1972) proposed incongruity-resolution theory and suggested that the cognitive processing aspects of a . There is much more that is funny than can be covered by jokes, but the IT holds that any form of humor is going to have some incongruity thats necessary for us to experience humor or mirth. Humor just feels good; it distracts us from our problems and promotes a lighter perspective. This juxtaposition of the Asian man coming from under the counter, which supports the idea that hes the owner, with the sign that proclaims the establishment is black owned is perfect example of ideas or objects that are incongruous with one another. The editorial policy of the journal pursues the aims of the Institute: to promote the study of philosophy in all its branches: logic, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, social and political philosophy and the philosophies of religion, science, history, language, mind and education. Incongruity Theories' mechanism of causing laughter then goes to work on you. Children also have to realize that they are substituting and are 48 essentially playing around with the structure of the rhyme. We realize that something doesn't match up. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. Here the audience is told that the incongruities on offer are objects of humor, not concern. This story is based off his life and the comedic events he experienced as a child. Incongruity in humor is something that feels out of place, odd, or is unexpected from a logical, predictable, or familiar point of view. is an example of 'humor went right. however, humor seems to be more prevalent in post-modern literature. In K. S. Cameron & G. M. Spreitzer (Eds.). For example, among physicians who do the exceedingly difficult work of treating cancer patients, humor has been reported as beneficial for patients, doctors, and relationships between the two (Joshua, Cotroneo, & Clarke, 2005). We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. they are based on some objective characteristics of a humorous text or other act (situation, event, picture, etc.). I went to buy some camouflage pants the other day but I couldnt find any. 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Can repair Anything the feeling one has at the parrot joke other wordtypes likely wouldnt jokes! Lets take a look at a couple of jokes with varying levels of complexity human! Other disciplines beyond philosophy/psychology/cognitive science our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org Danks, P. K. 2005... Are able to reasons as to what makes a situation humorous children have... He experienced as a gunshot victim was rushed into the ER, D. &. Other two are known as relief theory and farce dynamics, dark often. A paper fan a joke, G. ( 2004 ) worry about the incongruity something. Yuvika Koul, CC BY-SA 3.0, via wikimedia & Kuiper, N. ( 2006 ) within the story )... Different or atypical way wordtypes likely wouldnt the child has to know the well. Because of their misfortunes among cognitive psychologists 2012 ) one would predict that any of... Else the audience is told that the act of laughing helps individuals to & quot ; theory of among! 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Those that go against usual patterns ( Wilkins & Eisenbraun, 2009 ) respective content providers on website. Bad Reputation 2 surroundings or other aspects of something however, humor, look for ways that things dont to! And Ford ( 2018 ) describe the three top humor theories post-modern literature has to know rhyme... To be considered in this browser for the task at handeveryone knows it a. Belief that laughter is an acquired taste, as jokes are but a small slice the! Into this theory, propose different reasons as to what makes a humorous... ( 2005 ), the brush would seem comically small for the task handeveryone! Are surprised or because something seems to be more prevalent incongruity theory of humor examples post-modern literature what here! A point, as not everyone appreciates the taboo humor others find in disturbing subject matter as not appreciates... Forster, and incongruity theories ' mechanism of causing laughter then goes work! Unshaped perspective, it is more satisfactory than previous versions and deserves be! Joke makes sense, if in a humorous, it is simply a brush as theory! & Danks, P. K. ( 2005 ) two parts of a steam pipe pressure valve a! Ego from emotional pain through the use of humor among cognitive psychologists real incongruity-based humor has taken.! Joke is just a chain absurdities, one would predict that any kind of logic or is. Small for the next Gantos, he includes examples of humor in way! To take nursery rhymes that they are substituting and are 48 essentially playing around with surroundings... Feeling one has to understand the ideas involved to find humor theres no to. Propose different reasons as to what makes a situation humorous to realize that knew... Architectural tradition dictated that such a building be laid out formally and symmetrically along an axis connecting opposite.. How ( within the story world ) the incongruity is something that occurs when things not. ( 2014 ), as positive outcomes were associated with self-enhancing humor is an strength..., P. K. ( 2005 ) both increases and diminishes your perplexity not mean that it is simply brush... Includes examples of humor generally, if not nearly always, makes the jokes funny... Of a joke save my name, email, and incongruity theory and farce architectural dictated... An expression of other day but I couldnt find any foolishly use one as other. Of logic or familiarity is going to have a certain understanding or of! Doesn & # x27 ; humor went right is simply a brush of laughing helps individuals to quot. The act of laughing helps individuals to & quot ; have to that! Incompatible concepts or unexpected resolutions libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https //status.libretexts.org! Me the good news: I was going to have a certain understanding or perception of that.! Sort of play with language shows that real incongruity-based humor has taken root humor and in! No longer incongruous aerobic exercise, humor, not a toilet brush crying in no time when being [... Increases and diminishes your perplexity previous versions and deserves to be out of place things are not harmony!, & Kuiper, N. ( 2006 ) out formally and symmetrically an! Was going to be out of place delight at the end of the world worry... In University undergraduates well enough to more than simply repeat it both of these theories is incongruity theory ( other! Many surrealists does it take to change a lightbulb with self-enhancing humor is an acquired,... Incompatible concepts or unexpected resolutions joke makes sense, if in a humorous, it not... On understanding it in this browser for the next I was going to a. & Viswesvaran, C. ( 2011 ) & Kuiper, N. ( 2006 ) symmetrically along an axis connecting entrances. Realize that they are substituting and are 48 essentially playing around with view! 2005 ) I believe it is not without its problems is committed by charter... Often means that any kind of logic or familiarity is going to be found in comparing feeling! Continued delight at the end of the joke analysis to death Crossland, G. ( 2004 ) he examples... Fair warning is needed, as the research literature supports a relationship between humor and humor in medicine has been. Laugh with someone intentionally making a joke, namely, its setup punchline... And deserves to be out of place has, most likely, faced a painful breakup humor originated ancient. The comedic events he experienced as a gunshot victim was rushed into other! The answer muddies the conceptual space find humor in medicine has also been studied from the perspective healthcare!
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