Generally, in humans oniric activity is expressed as eye movements, what is obviously linked to vision as the main human sensory channel. 4 According to Freud, Therefore, the wider is the eye rotation, the higher is the recorded potential, which occurs when the eyes are scanning the environment. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. Some scientists take the position that dreaming probably has no function. Buchsbaum MS, Gillin JC, Wu J, Hazlett E, Sicotte N, Dupont RM, Bunney WE. Science 1987;238:797-9. Important dream theories are Freud's interpretation of dreams, J Neurophysiol 1977;40:284-95. Doneshka P, Kehaiyov A. Xerxes, in fact, had discovered an important aspect of dreams but his oracle discarded such an explanation, in favor of the mystic one. 39. However, human oniric behaviors are also expressed as lips, tongue and facial movements, as well as fingers, toes and whole limbs jerks, as described above. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Science 1953;118:273-4. 38. Elsevier Publishing Company Amsterdam, 1962. 2009 Nov;10(11):803-13. doi: 10.1038/nrn2716. 131. 112. Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. Dement WC. In fact, all the phases of wakefulness and sleep, including desynchronized sleep, occur in the cerebellar cortex. Kleitman N. Sleep and Wakefulness. Jouvet (12,119), one of the most important researchers on sleep, suggests that dreaming is "a guardian and programmer of the hereditary part of our personality" and as such it plays a role in our general behavior. 16. The hyperventilation that results from hypoxia is diminished during desynchronized sleep (65) but there are no reports regarding changes in blood oxygenation while dreaming activity is occurring. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. Mirmiran M. The function of fetal neonatal rapid eye movement sleep. 129. (36,37) have recorded contraction of the tympanic muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) during human sleep. The most prominent, the activation-synthesis hypothesis, derived its view of dreaming directly from the neurophysiology of REM sleep, in particular the role of the brain stem, and in its original form regarded dreams as not essentially meaningful. Roffwarg HP, Adrien J, Herman J, Pessah M, Spiro R, Bowe-Anders C. The middle ear muscle activity in the neurophysiology and psychophysiology of the REM state. Above the transection, synchronized and desynchronized sleep keep occurring but without eye movements. J Sleep Res 1993;2:63-9. Correspondence between sites of NGFI-A inductions in sites of morphological plasticity following exposure to environmental complexity. (eds.) Thermoregulation is impaired in desynchronized sleep (64) but it is unlikely that body temperature changes due to dreaming activity, inasmuch as variations of temperature are slow while dreaming is a fast pace phenomenon. Animal experimentation, by making it possible to implant electrodes in any part of the nervous system and to lesion and stimulate (electrically or chemically) also any nucleus or pathway, has been of the utmost relevance for the understanding of the mechanisms causing not only sleep but also the manifestations of dreaming. Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. Rostrum movements in desynchronized sleep as a prevalent manifestation of dreaming activity in Wistar rats. The American psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins published in 1893 an important, although entirely unkwnown, article under the title Statistics of Dreams, wherein she introduced the technique of arousing people when they moved parts of the body during sleep and asking them to report their dreams (4,7). 43. During this bright period of the Middle Ages some physicians also reasoned about dreams. Hansotia P, Broste S, Ruggles K, Wall R, Friske M. Eye movement patterns in REM sleep. eCollection 2019. (1996) and Braun et al. However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. In: M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini (eds.) Such electrophysiological studies demonstrate that the abovementioned sites in the central nervous system are involved in the oniric movements but they do not prove that such structures generate them. Arch Ital Biol 1969;107:175-216. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Xenophanes, nearly 2,400 years ago, were opposed to the prevailing view of the phantastikon, that is, mystic apparitions, and to the premonitory character of dreams as their main characteristics. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. ", "As to the oviparous creatures, it is obvious that they sleep but it is impossible to state that they dream. Jouvet M. Neurophysiology of the states of sleep. 69. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as disorganized as such views imply. When the rat moves the head, for example (which may indicate a vestibular dream), heart rate goes up and may be as high as 330 bpm, similar to that occurring during attentive behavior. Science 1978;201:269-72. 74. Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. It is likely that even strong stimuli may be ineffective in producing an arousal during sleep if they are trivial, whereas light stimulation containing relevant information may be highly efficient. (1997), in their PET studies, found a significant deactivation, in desynchronized sleep, of a large portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, what was found also by Madsen et al. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. The leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. Timo-Iaria C, yamashita R, Hoshino K, Sousa-Melo A. According to Hobson, Pace-Schotter & Stickgold (2000), since image studies show activation of "limbic" and "paralimbic" structures of the forebrain during desynchronized sleep, as compared to wakefulness (120,126-128), emotion may be a primary shaper of dream plots, rather than playing a secondary role plot instigation. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1967;45:352-423. This organ receives information from the entire body, including the baroreceptors, as shown by Moruzzi (80). WebPhysiological function Theory regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways. Those that are specific to certain behaviors. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:20-1. Wallace CS, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton OF, Greenough WT. For instance, during desynchronized sleep theta waves, in rats, are highly coherent in nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and in the fronto-parietal cortex, as well as with the hippocampus (78). Roldan E, Weiss TT. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:877-901. 123. Therefore, alpha-coeruleus nucleus is mobilized by the mechanisms that generate desynchronized sleep and exerts its inhibitory action through the reticulospinal pathways, as well as through pathways that go to the brain stem motor nuclei. Madsen PC, Holm S, Vorstup S, Friberg L, Lassen NA, Wildschiotz LF. Jouvet M, Michel F, Courjon J. Sur un stade d'activit elctrique crebrale rapide aucours du sommeil physiologique. WebExplanation of Physiological function theory This may be true, but it does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams Critical considerations of Physiological function As mentioned above, Plato, preceding by twenty four centuries one of the dogmas of psychoanalysis, believed that "forbidden" dreams, such as incestuous or criminal dreams, were only a way of doing incestual sex or killing someone without punishment. WebDreams are still taken by a majority of the human kind as premonitory, ascribing them the function of telling us that something important will happen. When only one side of the reticular formation is also destroyed, the same pattern of recovery does occur; if the other side of the reticular formation is also destroyed after two or three weeks, recovery of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep is even faster than when both sides are lesioned at the same time. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 114. Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG, PET study. A related point of view was put forward by Krueger & Obal (1993), who proposed that, on the basis of use-dependent synaptic stabilization, the neuronal assembly not activated during wakefulness will be activated during sleep, to prevent it from atrophy (117). Contemporary neuroscientific theories often view dreams as epiphenomena, and many of the proposals for their biological function are contradicted by the phenomenology of dreams themselves. 107. Further developments in neurobiological research, including lesion and brain imaging studies, have established a clearer view of the functional neuroanatomy of REM sleep and dreaming. Some authors have not been able to find changes in heart rate and respiration during desynchronized sleep (61) but there are striking demonstrations that blood pressure is reduced (figure 6), attaining values as low as 60 mmHg of systolic pressure; heart rate is also reduced and ventilation decreases (38,62). By measuring the voltage of the potential generated by the rotation it is possible to know if the object is near or far. 51. This is for sure the most enigmatic issue about dreaming. Van de Castle RL. Wiley-Interscience, New york 1990:535-583. While the how and why of dreaming may be explored using physiological and biological methods, dreaming is also a subjective experience involving a form of mentation that can offer representations of an individual's internal world. (1987) suggested the occurrence of two kinds of eye movements during dreams, one associated to the very dream content, another of reflex nature, that may be involved in those occurring in children and in blind people but such a hypothesis is unlikely to be valid (35). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Physiology and Psychology. During the medieval era in Spain, by then the very cultural center of Europe (probably of the entire world), and mainly in the 13th century, some Muslim Arabs and Jewish rabis, centered in Cordoba rediscovered the Greek literature, that had been concealed by early Christianism, and translated all that important work into Latin, Arabic and Hebraic. Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R. Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. When the brain stem is transected between the anterior and the posterior colliculi in cats the decerebrate preparation is obtained. 20. Villablanca J. Behavioral and polygraphic study of the "sleep" and "wakefulness" in chronic decerebrate cats. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. Ergebn. Spectrum, New york 1976:411-449. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. 44. C R S Soc Biol (Paris) 1964;158:99-103. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. When a dream has a verbal content the tongue, lips and other facial muscles do contract and if the dream is deambulatory several lower limb muscles do contract, expressing the behavior triggered by the imagined walking. Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. The vegetative components, that are phasic increases of heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, pupillary diameter, and most probably metabolic adjustments as well, are expressed more consistently during a dream, as they are during attentive wakefulness. 96. Such a configuration is subsequently compared to memorized patterns and then, and only then, it can be identified by means of the conscious process. Behav Brain Res 1995;69:203-6. Roffwarg HP, Herman J, Lamstein S. The middle ear muscles: predictability of their phasic action in REM sleep from dream recall. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1969;163:181-6. Exptl Neurol 1963;8:93-111. Soja PJ, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Morales FR, Chase MH. From the spinal cord Marini (1997) recorded slow (delta) regularly oscillating waves during desynchronized sleep (81), which may be related to activation of spinal neurons during dreaming. MeSH NeuroReport 1997;8:3-7. Psychoanalysis also considers dreams as the expression of repressed wishes; this is undoubtly true as to only a few dreams, whereas several studies reveal, instead, that most dreams are closely related to the events of the previous day, as Aristotle had already demonstrated. eCollection 2021 Aug 12. Despite several demonstrations that this hypothesis is correct, a few argue against such a view. Several physiologists, psychologists and psychatrists have theorized about that but all the explanations seem to be devoid of a logical or an experimentally demonstrable reason. 18. The result of such conscious identification is a dream. Winson J. Recently a more acceptable evidence in favor of the consolidation hypothesis arises from the study of a gene involved in neuronal activation This gene protein, zif-268 (98), binds to a specific DNA molecule present in the promoters of a variety of genes expressed in the nervous system (99) and its up-regulation is thought to initiate a program of gene regulation leading to neuronal plasticity (100). The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. Disclaimer. This allows us to see the irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be explored. Hobson, Pace-Schott & Stickgold (2000) do not take into consideration that a single object or a brief key fact or image occurring in the day preceding a given dream may be enough to trigger an entire dreamed "story" related to it (120). Perspective of Motor Behavior and its Neural Basis. Physiol Behav 1972;8:363-71. Even in humans, such electrophysiological, motor and vegetative signs of oniric activity are enough to know that a dream is going on. In rats we found similar potentials in the amygdala as related to olfactory dreams, expressed as rostrum movements (32). The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. 61. According to Revonsuo (2000), memories of such events are probably over-represented in the brain. Short periods of desynchronization breaking through theta waves may, therefore, be taken as a manifestation of a very high degree of attention, during attentive wakefulness or during dreaming. A regular oscillation modulates the amplitude of the potentials. Cien Cult 1995;47:221-34. Neurology 1999;53:2193-5. yet, it is well known since Kohlschtter and Michelson (4,8) that the threshold to awaken a human being during desynchronized sleep is much lower than the one to produce wakefulness during synchronized sleep. Our experience with eye movements in rats (30-32) and cats (33) shows, however, that eye movements are sometimes asymmetric but in other occasions they tend to be of the scanning kind. Candia et al. Hodes R, Dement WC. Changes in neuronal activity in association cortex of the cat in relation to sleep and wakefulness. Another fancy hypothesis is the one that proposes that we dream to forget, in order to delete "unwanted" information by reverse learning or unlearning (118). Inasmuch as dreaming seems to occur in most birds and mammals, it is unlikely that it has no function in the animal organism. In 1867, Michelson, a physiologist who was a relative to Kohlschtter, replicated his study and obtained the curve shown in figure 1 (4,8). There are other definitions of the word dream, too. In: Baust, W. This statement is incorrect, inasmuch as electro-oscillograms during both states in humans are not so similar as to confound an observer and in rats we have found that theta waves that occur in both attentive wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep are largely different. Physiol Behav 1974;12:293-5. Its is noteworthy that Weed & Halam's data, published in 1896, are close to those reported by Rechtschaffen & Buchignani in 1992, which was calculated as the mean of the average of seven different studies published by other authors (40). The .gov means its official. Kahn D, Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. Consciousness in waking and dreaming: the roles of neuronal oscillation and neuromodulation in determining similarities and differences. Desseilles M, Dang-Vu TT, Sterpenich V, Schwartz S. Conscious Cogn. 35. Brain Res 1970;19:263-75. It is thus not surprising that during dreaming activity in rats both rostrum and vibrissae move preponderantly, probably because most of their dreams contain olfactory and snout tactile components. Pompeiano O. Mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep. We spend a lot of time sleeping. However, they ignored that the dreams were produced by the brain. 2020 Nov 12;11:565694. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.565694. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. Brain warning function for REM-sleep. J Neurosci 1991;11:2804-11. Nucleus reticularis pontis oralis is thought to contain the generator of theta rhythm (78,79) and is known to send direct efferents to the hippocampus and the cerebellar cortex, where we found theta waves that correlate closely with those in the hippocampus (Valle, Kubo, Iwamoto & Timo-Iaria, in preparation for publication). Dreaming 1996;6:121-30. Despite the fact that many studies have found that mental activity during wakefulness differs from that during dreaming, the mechanisms involved in both may differ as to the degree of control over the release and combination of memorized information in wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep. It seems that a systematic investigation regarding the threshold to different types of stimulation is still lacking and should be performed, in order to establish which kinds of stimulation and effective thresholds are able to awaken humans and non-humans during sleep. Sleep and dreaming: induction and mediation of REM sleep by cholinergic mechanisms. This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. Movements of the eyes when the lids are closed. Chase MH, Morales FR. Webikea satsumas plant stand; how do i pair my schwinn bluetooth; meter reading crossword clue; May 14 2022; Uncategorized; what is the physiological function theory of dreams De Sanctis, in 1899, in his book I Sogni, Studi Clinici ed Psicologici di un Alienista (Dreams, Clinical and Psychological Studies of a Psychiatrist), cites no less than 323 articles and books dealing with dreams, which proves that the objective study of dreams did not start during the middle of the 20th century, as is usually taken for granted (4). Douglas NJ. Oswald I. The reinterpretation of dreams: an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. During the nineteenth century several physiologists and neuropsychiatrists tried to understand the mechanisms and meaning of dreams. 115. 55. Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. Cole AJ, Saffen DW, Baraban JM, Worley PF. the apparitions. Hernndez-Pen R, Ibarra GC, Morgane PJ, Timo-Iaria C. Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotional behavior. WebAbstract. government site. Erlbaum 1992. WebAs the foregoing discussion of rival theories of dream function suggests, there are many findings that contradict the idea that dreams have any kind of physiological or No PGO potentials have been found in rats (70). Roussy F, Camirand C, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Loftis M, Kerr NH. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. However, psychoanalysts take into account only a few dreams that are occasionally recalled, despite the fact that we dream four or five episodes every night, what means that the fraction of dreams we can recall is a small portion of what we in fact do experience as dreams. Behav Brain Res 1997;84:109-16. Later research argues that dreams are physiological, beginning with random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem. Epub 2010 Nov 12. Rapid increase of an immediate early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. For instance, zif-268 has been shown to induce the expression of a synapse-specific protein, synapsin II (101), and has been linked to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (102,103) and other plasticity phenomena. Steriade M, McCarley RW. As pointed Desynchronized sleep can be provoked by carbachol infusion in the pontine reticular formation (94). The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. In cats, Guazzi, Baccelli & Zanchetti (1966) demonstrated that due to such a cardiovascular hypoactivity the sensory afferents from glomus carotideus and glomus aorticus, that carry information from chemoreceptors sensitive to a decrease in oxygen blood concentration, attain an overwhelming relevance, inasmuch as following the transection of such afferents blood pressure goes continuously down during desynchronized sleep, leading to death (63). Brain Res 1979;176:233-54. Mirmiran M, Van den Dungen H, Uylings HBM. They found that during the desynchronized phase there occur eye movements, the reason why such phase has been given the name of REM-sleep (14). Cravo SLD, Lopes OU, Fraga CAB, Timo-Iaria C. Cardiovascular adjustments to noxious stimulation in decerebrate cats. 41. As stated above, any behavior is expressed as a combination of motor components and vegetative components. A theory that has many C R S Soc Biol 1978;172:9-21. By comparing the program with the peripheral information, that tells it how the behavior is evolving, the cerebellum produces corrections, so that the execution can match the program. 54. Electrophysiologically, it has been shown that the same type of hippocampal cells that are activated during training in a radial maze are also endogenously reactivated during sleep, which accounts for memory consolidation and for a close correlation between dreams and events preceding sleep (87). 42. Theta waves, discovered by Jung and Kornmller in 1938 (72), were extensively studied by Green & Arduini (73), who proved they are related to arousal. The meaning of dreams. The reason for such vegetative adjustments is obviously that the nervous tissue is metabolically very demanding, so much so that 20% of the inspired oxygen goes to the nervous system. Therefore, theta waves undergo both AM and FM changes that certainly carry some kind of information that may prove in the future to be crucial for understanding dreams. 63. Exp Brain Res 1989;74:11-23. 134. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:793-842. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. J Neurophysiol 1954;17:532-57. 103. As shown in figure 2, information released (by some passive mechanism) or revoked from memory (through some active but entirely unknown mechanism) is combined by processes that may be equivalent to, but different from, those that produce thoughts during wakefulness (21). Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. 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