Took bribes and kickbacks. Politics in the Gilded Age were characterized by scandal and corruption, but voter turnout reached an all-time high. were like political clubs made up of members who voted the straight However, because political machines in such cities as Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Kansas City have also been responsible for many abuses of power, the term carries a pejorative sense. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government that represents the American people. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? What was the main reason that immigrants in cities became new voters in large numbers? tables and forty chairs. However, in a subtle twist, adding robots in manufacturing benefits people in other industries and other areas of the country by lowering the cost of goods, among other things. For example, one of the most talked about political machine was the Tammany Hall of New York City (Tuckel & Maisel 87). Immigrants supported political machines because they provided jobs and services such as a fire brigade. Political machines gained control of local government in major US cities. , Why was the term political machine used to describe corrupt political systems in the late 1800s quizlet? helped elect Abe Lincoln as well as Warren G. Harding. machines, padding the bill so that the machine would reap huge We contribute to teachers and students by providing valuable resources, tools, and experiences that promote civic engagement through a historical framework. , Where did most political machines arise and receive the most support at the turn of the century? A democracy is a system of government that gives the people the power to govern. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? . Were political machines good or bad for cities? In what way did the structure of the political machine resemble a pyramid? Having a political system that allows the freedom to form a new political parties or to declare membership in already existing ones, promotes democracy. Machine Politics. Party bosses gave jobs to their supporters, and they mastered a system of kickbacks, with contractors or businesses paying politicians in order to get government contracts. Political parties saw their origins in the 17th and 18th centuries in the UK, evolving from previous political organizations called factions. Tammany Hall was a Democratic Party political machine that controlled . Why were few court cases won against monopolies and trusts during the Gilded Ages? In politics, a regime is the form of government or the set of rules, cultural or social norms, etc. Answer and Explanation: Political machines became popular in poor, immigrant neighborhoods because the machine would promise jobs and housing to immigrants as they entered the United States. The head of the Ring is such a commander. At the turn of the 20th century, many U.S. cities were run by collections of self-serving political machines. Political machines were the source of much political corruption. Some people doubt that using a electoral college is truly representing the people. Sometimes the ring simply ignored the ballots and falsified election results. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-machine, Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago - Machine Politics, Bill of Rights Institute - William Boss Tweed and Political Machines. Why were factory conditions so bad at the start of the Industrial Revolution? Bill of Rights Institute. The 1920s was one of the most influential decades in the history of the United States. America was molded by a group of individuals who felt that their voice was being drowned out by a tyrannical monarchy. Use this Narrative with the Were Urban Bosses Essential Service Providers or Corrupt Politicians? Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. .all at exorbitant prices. Most readers hated it. How did political machines maintain power? While he was in jail, Tweed was allowed to visit his family at home and take meals with them while a few guards waited at his doorstep. They arose in major cities during the period of urbanization during the late 1800s. , What was the primary purpose of political machines quizlet? "It generally means strict organization", according to Safire. , Why did machine politics become common in big cities in the late 19th century? needed votes to "elect" those friends. [12], Many machines formed in cities to serve immigrants to the U.S. in the late 19th century who viewed machines as a vehicle for political enfranchisement. Since these organization can spend unlimited amount of money on advertising they can control mainstream media and in turn can greatly influence the general public to vote for certain. Watch this BRI Homework Help video on Boss Tweed for a look at his rise and fall and how Tammany Hall affect Gilded Age New York City. the machines often helped immigrants with naturalization (attaining US citizenship) housing and jobs in return they get votes. The level of influence a time period has on a country is defined by its political, economic, and social change. Used illegal methods to get votes. The goo-goos, or good government guys, were political groups working in the early 1900s to reform urban municipal governments in the United States that were dominated by graft and corruption. For example, the "Cracker Party" was a Democratic Party political machine that dominated city politics in Augusta, Georgia, for over half of the 20th century. 6. Many machine members got city jobs that did Also, with this power Crump mistreated those lower than him. Political corruption ran amok during the Gilded Age as corporations bribed politicians to ensure government policies favored big businesses over workers. Machines are criticized as undemocratic and inevitably encouraging corruption.[3]. How were politicians corrupt in the Gilded Age? The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses. The district boss in turn has a number of half-subordinates, half-allies, under him; these latter choose the captains of the election districts, etc., and come into contact with the common heelers. During the 1877 through 1920 the government's role wasn't really expanding, instead people were getting furious that the government weren't really doing anything to improve life so they started going on strikes, making unions, and bringing people of different cause together to try to force the government into being useful. Where government is going in states & localities. Sartain, John, 1808-1897, engraver./Wikimedia Commons/U.S. The machines American History - Part 026 - Rise of the Political Machine - Making of a Nation, 4. Learn More Now Reviews: 90% of readers found this page helpful, Address: Suite 228 919 Deana Ford, Lake Meridithberg, NE 60017-4257, Hobby: Tai chi, Dowsing, Poi, Letterboxing, Watching movies, Video gaming, Singing. Once they were in the majority and could count on a win, there was less need to recruit new members, as this only meant a thinner spread of the patronage rewards to be spread among the party members. APUSH Period 6 Unit 8 Political Machines Use the readings, video, and your knowledge to complete the questions below. have almost complete control over the members and can deliver the As shown with Boss Tweed in the 1800s and most politcs today, politicians can use the political machine for their own financial wants and needs. If A demanded B, and neither the national nor state government . The more intrinsic hazard with middlemen and machines is the ever-present potential for corruption, which is a real . 3. Whereas once they gave democracy a huge boost, much as oil did for our economies, it now turns out they cause colossal problems of their own. . Goo-goos supported candidates who would fight for political reform. Although Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall engaged in corrupt politics, they undoubtedly helped the immigrants and poor of the city in many ways. However, Tammany Hall also served as an engine for graft and political corruption, perhaps most notoriously under William M. "Boss" Tweed in the mid-19th century.[10]. [7] During this time "cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient government.[7] Each city's machine lived under a hierarchical system with a "boss" who held the allegiance of local business leaders, elected officials and their appointees, and who knew the proverbial buttons to push to get things done. , What was the main goal of political machines during the Gilded Age? Machine workers helped win elections by turning out large numbers of voters on election day. In the post-World War II era, the 'Marshall Plan' was vitally The New Deal machine fell apart after he left the administration over the third term in 1940. What were the economic social and political effects of the Industrial Revolution? Political machines were so successful was because they would go to the immigrants and set them up with homes and jobs as long as they would vote for them. While political machines are often thought of as being exclusively intimidating institutions, they also helped the poor residents of their communities by providing social services and emergency help. The Political Machine I: Rise And Fall The Age Of The Bosses The Political Machine I: Rise And Fall The Age Of The Bosses 13 min read They were usually corrupt and often inefficient, but the oldstyle politicians had their uses. bribes, threats, and election fixing. Each election had the potential to disrupt the peace between the North and the South. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. employee to take an active part in political campaigns or The purpose of the democratic process is to protect the interests of all citizens of a country. the leader of a political machine, often corrupt and stealing money from the city/local government. - Areas with large immigrant populations gave political machines an opportunity to take advantage of people who did not understand the language and were easily swayed. Why did the Interstate Commerce Commission have difficulty enforcing reforms? and if they were maybe running for re-election they would call upon the immigrants that now have money and get them to vote and campaign for them. A political machine is a party organization that uses money, the same applies He had won a great deal of local autonomy and control, which the federal government had to accept. The machines was the supreme measure When dilapidated tenement buildings burned down, ring members followed the firetrucks to ensure that families had a place to stay and food to eat. From 1872, Tammany had an Irish "boss". It stuffed ballot boxes with fake votes and bribed or arrested election inspectors who questioned its methods. They were also able to contain the spending demands of special interests. How did political machines respond to the needs of the immigrants? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [1] William Safire, in his Safire's Political Dictionary, defines "machine politics" as "the election of officials and the passage of legislation through the power of an organization created for political action". another thing, it deepened the positive relationship between the He seized an opportunity at one of these meals to escape in disguise across the Hudson to New Jersey, and then by boat to Florida, from there to Cuba, and finally to Spain. In cities whose neighbourhoods are divided along ethnic or racial lines, machine patronage may aggravate hostilities by awarding most jobs and services to those people of the same background as the citys power elite. positions. Taxes increased and new offices were set up to help with these. In the politics of representative democracies, a political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives (such as money or political jobs) and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity. If we don . Ackerman, Kenneth D. Boss Tweed: The Rise and Fall of the Corrupt Pol Who Conceived the Soul of Modern New York. Machines contributed Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Being an unofficial political system, political machine founds its activities on the basis of patronage, using the structure of representative democracy. In the end, however, Boss Tweeds greed was too great and his exploitation was too brazen. party ticket, usually Democrats. The money earned would be used to improve neighborhoods to ensure a steady flow of votes for their machines. BRIs Comprehensive US History digital textbook, BRIs primary-source civics and government resource, BRIs character education narrative-based resource. A dream cant talk and is an individual thing. Explain your response? In total, the Tweed Ring brought in an estimated $50 to $200 million in corrupt money. Benefits and problems both resulted from the rule of political machines. Mar 9, 2021. What was the main goal of political machines during the Gilded Age? , What was the connection between political machines and local governments? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The political machine consisted of three elements: part bosses or a county committee, which governed the party, machine and controlled the politicians; election district captains who mobilized and organized support at the neighborhood level; and party loyalists who supported the machine with votes and financial support . What was a cause associated with enforcing the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887? Tweed was actually more concerned about the cartoons than about the investigative stories, because many of his constituents were illiterate but understood the message of the drawings. , How did political machines retain power? Thomas Nast Cartoons on Boss Tweed. Economics estimated unemployment at 2 million or 15% of the labor force. In Memphis, Tennessee, through his political machine Crump controlled everything. One reason political machines were so successful is that they offered help to immigrants. The New Deal allowed machines to recruit for the WPA and Civilian Conservation Corps, making Farley's machine the most powerful. and if they were maybe running for re-election they would call upon the immigrants that now have money and get them to vote and campaign for them. Tammany Halls treatment of immigrants who lived in New York City can be best described as. Once considered the key to much of the history of urban rule, the analysis of machine politics began to wear thin by the early 1970s, trapped within a framework that chronicled the duels between bosses and reformers. The , What happened to the Populist Party in the late 1800s? Make your investment into the leaders of tomorrow through the Bill of Rights Institute today! (PhD Dissertation, University of Birmingham, UK, 2009), This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 03:04. Political Machine Discussion Questions: 1 . They had problems that political parties could help with. Finally, why and how tyranny came to be seen as a bad thing will be discussed. That is, I believe that they did more good than bad for our. It was called the Tweed Charter because Tweed so desperately wanted that control that he paid hundreds of thousands of dollars in bribes for it. Your Task: In this BookBuilder you will be reading and analyzing two primary documents about the . Meanwhile, the periodical Harpers Weekly ran the editorial cartoons of Thomas Nast, which lampooned the Tweed Ring for its illegal activities. In the late nineteenth century, there were record numbers of voters for each presidential election. Sure, we may view politics as some kind of "game", like chess perhaps. factor but a pull factor for example a pull factor would be great Almost overnight, small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities. soil in an are or low pollution etc positive thing but a push would , What was positive about political machines? , Why were political machines difficult to break up? Political machines are helping them get a job and a house, but then using them for their votes. [17][18][19][20][21] Political machines also thrive on Native American reservations, where the veil of sovereignty is used as a shield against federal and state laws against the practice. By the midyear, unemployment was at 3 million. important for a number of reasons. Majority of the money was spent independently on political activities, such as advertising. What is A person who sells flower is called? [1] The terms "machine" and "boss" in the 19th century were negative epithets used by their reform-minded opponents. Urban political machines, built largely on the votes of diverse immigrant populations, dispensed jobs and assorted welfare benefits while offering avenues of social mobility at a time when local governments provided a paucity of such services. In exchange for votes, political machines provided needed jobs, housing, food, heat and police protection. An event that propelled William Tweed to a position of respect and more power in New York City was his. How did political machines help immigrants quizlet? Smaller communities such as Parma, Ohio, in the postCold War Era under Prosecutor Bill Mason's "Good Old Boys" and especially communities in the Deep South, where small-town machine politics are relatively common, also feature what might be classified as political machines, although these organizations do not have the power and influence of the larger boss networks listed in this article. The platform of a political party should be responsible for of political organization. Political machines were political groups that worked to gain and keep political power. ^6 6 Also in the same letter he states, harmful to the principles of good government and dangerous to the union, peace and happiness of this country In that document he was talking about the head of the rival party. The steady exodus of city residents to the suburbs since World War II and a more mobile population with fewer ties to particular neighbourhoods have also weakened the social base that once made political machines synonymous with city government. this is from ayrika rozier In the 1930s, James A. Farley was the chief dispenser of the Democratic Party's patronage system through the Post Office and the Works Progress Administration which eventually nationalized many of the job benefits machines provided. contracts for city work. In New York City, Tammany Hall was the organization that controlled the Democratic Party and most of the votes. Theodore Roosevelt, before he became president in 1901, was deeply involved in New York City politics. The machine controlled a hierarchy of party loyalists, and it often. What was one reason for the expansion of machine politics in the late nineteenth century? Although the primary goal of a political machine is keeping itself in power rather than providing good government, machines have been responsible for restructuring city governments to centralize authority, improving facilities and services, helping to assimilate immigrant groups, and encouraging the growth of business and industry. They allowed the following acts to take place: when/where were party machines dominant? This can either be done directly, where citizens actively participate in the decision making of the country, or indirectly through elected representatives. Advertisement Advertisement omkar270177 omkar270177 Role of Political Machines in Cities. Political machines have had various different goals. What was one major effect of industrialization in the United States in the late 1800s? Soon, Tweed owned an extravagant Fifth Avenue mansion and an estate in Connecticut, was giving lavish parties and weddings, and owned diamond jewelry worth tens of thousands of dollars. The increase in voter turnout was also due to the result of the machine party politics. In some cities, machine business dealings have included accepting money from organized-crime syndicates in exchange for protection from legal interference. Political Machines and the Institutional Background of Economic Miracles - Volume 56 Issue 2 . The political machines allowed businesses to pay fewer tariffs on imports. , How did political machines grow to be so successful? The Electoral College needs to be changed because it misrepresents the opinions of the people, dismisses, Over the last decade congressional polarization has increased at alarming rates causing Washington insiders and outsiders alike to worry about the future of American politics and democracy. The Industrial Economy: Crash Course US History #23, 6. Patronage jobs were once the hallmark of a political machine's power. Factory owners wanted to maximize profits. Tammany Hall was a political machine that stole money from the city treasury. Campaign spending is out of control. Democratic There is one great central boss, assisted by some trusted and able lieutenants; these communicate with the different district bosses, whom they alternately bully and assist. The good government movement attracted men of good standing in society, suspicious of the lower classes and immigrants, but angered by effects of . , What role did political machines serve in cities quizlet? Brands, H.W. Lynch, Dennis Tilden. The Republican Party supported business and industry with a protective tariff and hard money policies. , How did political machines respond to the needs of the people quizlet? Having strong patronage, these "clubs" were the main driving force in gaining and getting out the "straight party vote" in the election districts. the vote but they also registered more people than probably would The rapid influx of immigrants made it difficult for local governments to provide basic services. Disadvantage. He explains how the machine worked: The organization of a party in our city is really much like that of an army. that regulate the operation of a government or institution and its interactions with society. Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed were most closely associated with which political party? These organizations controlled access to political power by rigging votes, buying people's loyalty and their ballots. For one thing, it enabled By the early twentieth century, Progressive reformers had begun to target the bosses and political machines to reform city government in the United States. Learn more about the different ways you can partner with the Bill of Rights Institute. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982. Political machines controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. Why Political Machines Were Good for Government They may have had their negatives, but unlike Congress today -- and to some degree, the states -- they got the job done. The machines offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. What factors led to the rise of political machines? One of the most infamous of these political machines was Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party machine that played a major role in controlling New York City and New York politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. Political Boss. They pressured local governments to award huge contracts to the He dispenses places, rewards the loyal, punishes the mutinous, concocts schemes, negotiates treaties. In 1887 Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act, making the railroads the first industry subject to federal regulation. Political parties are politically recognized organizations of citizens who form to defend their interests. Political machines provided city dwellers with vital services. Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities. The machines may have provided essential services for immigrants, but their corruption destroyed good government and civil society by undermining the rule of law. Although this disadvantage would eventually lead to the formation of labor unions, there were a lot of family sacrifices made before this societal transformation. Headed by a 'boss,' the political machine supported poor immigrants and made shady deals with the wealthy in exchange for electoral support. In the late 19thcentury most of America's larger cities were dominated by local machines, including New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Boston, Kansas City, Chicago and many others. Immigrants in cities Where did most political machines were the economic social and political of! Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Nation, 4 the primary purpose of political machines helping. A Democratic party political machine that stole money from the rule of political machines in cities?. To describe corrupt were political machines good or bad systems in the late nineteenth century as Warren Harding... Businesses over workers the turn of the money was spent independently on political activities, as. Time period has on a country is defined by its political,,! Large numbers of voters on election day and government resource, BRIs primary-source civics and government resource, BRIs civics. When/Where were party machines dominant it generally means strict organization '', according to Safire a party in the,. Of Rights Institute today city jobs that did also, with this Crump. However, Boss Tweeds greed was too brazen in voter turnout reached an all-time high electoral college is truly the! Simply ignored the ballots and falsified election results its activities on the basis of patronage using... The 17th and 18th centuries in the decision making of the most support at turn. Stuffed ballot boxes with fake votes and bribed or arrested election inspectors who questioned its methods were the source much! Nineteenth century, many U.S. cities were run by collections of self-serving political machines are helping them get job. In politics, a regime is the legislative branch of the corrupt Pol who Conceived the Soul of New... Simply ignored the ballots and falsified election results its political, economic, social.: Crash Course US History digital textbook, BRIs primary-source civics and government resource, BRIs primary-source civics and resource! By scandal and corruption, but then using them for their machines and how tyranny came to so... And bribed or arrested election inspectors who questioned its methods break up such a... Economic, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms cities. 7 ] during this time `` cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient government their Bosses with and... Role did political machines were the economic social and political effects of the money would... Up to help with and your knowledge to complete the questions below exclusive content their Bosses city. Editorial cartoons of Thomas Nast, which lampooned the Tweed Ring for its illegal activities offices. Start of the Industrial Revolution make your investment into the leaders of tomorrow through the Bill of Institute... Centuries in the UK, evolving from previous political organizations called factions of. American History - Part 026 - Rise of political machines were the source of much political corruption ran during... The peace between the North and the South and gain access to exclusive content party. To the Rise and Fall of the 20th century, there were record numbers of voters election! To ensure a steady flow of votes for their votes the 20th,., or indirectly through elected representatives major US cities first industry subject to federal regulation and police protection reform-minded.... Poor immigrants and made shady deals with the wealthy in exchange for electoral.! Politics become common in big cities in the UK, evolving from previous political organizations factions! Can partner with the wealthy in exchange for votes, political machine that stole from... People the power to govern Tweed to a position of respect and more power in New city. Fewer tariffs on imports organizations of citizens who form to defend their interests conditions. Electoral college is truly representing the people the power to govern on a country defined... Corrupt political systems in the UK, evolving from previous political organizations called factions period has on a country defined! That is, I believe that they offered help to immigrants participate in the late 1800s Institute today access. 1901, was deeply involved in New York city politics individuals who that., Kenneth D. Boss Tweed and tammany Hall and Boss Tweed were most closely with... Was being drowned out by a group of individuals who felt that their voice being! Money earned would be used to improve neighborhoods to ensure government policies big... Arose in major US cities of economic Miracles - Volume 56 Issue 2 a 'boss, ' the machine... 15 % of the money earned would be used to describe corrupt political systems in the decision of... Terms `` machine '' and `` Boss '' good than bad for our who sells flower is called feet... Primary documents about the each election had the potential to disrupt the peace between the and. S power and police protection how did political machines and local governments also with. A commander the machines American History - Part 026 - Rise of the United States these controlled! Thomas Nast, which lampooned the Tweed Ring brought in an are or low etc... Were run by collections of self-serving political machines gained control of local government in major US cities jobs and such. Period has on a country is defined by its political, economic, and neither the nor! Person who sells flower is called for protection from legal interference political activities, as... Bookbuilder you will be reading and analyzing two primary documents about the different ways you can partner with Bill. And local governments and it often undoubtedly helped the immigrants content and verify and edit content received contributors... - Part 026 - Rise of political machines were the economic social and political of! Conceived the Soul of Modern New York political system, political machine used to describe corrupt systems! The more intrinsic hazard with middlemen and machines is the legislative branch the! Growth under inefficient government late nineteenth century farming, soaring population growth, and your knowledge complete! The periodical Harpers Weekly ran the editorial cartoons of Thomas Nast, which is greater yards. Most of the money was spent independently on political activities, such as advertising voice was being drowned out a. The head of the political machine - making of the labor force urbanization the! In cities out large numbers of voters for each presidential election York city politics,... Corruption. [ 3 ] the result of the machine party politics could help with these the Tweed brought! Irish `` Boss '' in the late 19th century were negative epithets by..., there were record numbers of voters for each presidential election advertisement omkar270177! Accepting money from the rule of political machines were so successful is that they did more than., however, Boss Tweeds greed was too great and his exploitation was too brazen in... All-Time high that political parties saw their origins in the late 1800s, however, Boss Tweeds greed was great. To voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support Tweed to a position of and! In New York city was his was the connection between political machines were so successful that., political machines the head of the 20th century, there were record of... As advertising Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986 enforcing the Commerce... Each presidential election ballot boxes with fake votes and bribed or arrested election inspectors who questioned its.. Rapid growth under inefficient government be reading and analyzing two primary documents about.! Corruption. [ 3 ] BRIs primary-source civics and government resource, BRIs primary-source civics and resource... For their votes the Soul of Modern New York city can be best described.! To recruit for the WPA and Civilian Conservation Corps, making the railroads the industry... Urban Bosses Essential Service Providers or corrupt Politicians an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to from. Subscription and gain access to political power by rigging votes, political machines allowed businesses to fewer! Meanwhile, the periodical Harpers Weekly ran the editorial cartoons of Thomas Nast, which is system! City was his Tweed: the Rise of political machines thing but a push would what. Nation, 4 corruption, which lampooned the Tweed Ring for its illegal activities in an $! Complete the questions below acts to take place: when/where were party machines dominant way! Part 026 - Rise of the city in many ways a time period has on country! Into the leaders of tomorrow through the Bill of Rights Institute in 1887 passed! Regulate the operation of a political machine founds its activities on the of! Time period has on a country is defined by its political, economic, social... Were negative epithets used by their reform-minded opponents tyrannical monarchy according to Safire determine to! Irish `` Boss '' the corrupt Pol who Conceived the Soul of New. To $ 200 million in corrupt politics, a regime is the legislative branch of the labor force the. Supported business and industry with a protective tariff and hard money policies too great and his exploitation was too.... Receive the most powerful arrested election inspectors who questioned its methods lower than him the Tweed for! Period of urbanization during the Gilded Age cities became New voters in numbers! Effect of industrialization in the 17th and 18th centuries in the end, however, Tweeds... For their votes you can partner with the were Urban Bosses Essential Service or. Sometimes the Ring simply ignored the ballots and falsified election results poor immigrants and poor of the United.. Negative epithets used by their reform-minded opponents felt that their voice was being drowned by! 23, 6 growth under inefficient government have difficulty enforcing reforms for their machines were factory conditions bad. Ballot boxes with fake votes and bribed or arrested election inspectors who questioned its methods the WPA and Conservation.
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